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# Jason and Jarvis Associates, LLC

Consultants and Advisors in Medicine, Epidemiology, Public Health

## Sitemaps

- [XML Sitemap](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/sitemap.xml): Contains all public & indexable URLs for this website.

## Publications

- [Impact of a Comprehensive Workplace Hand Hygiene Program on Employer Health Care Insurance Claims and Costs, Absenteeism, and Employee Perceptions and Practices](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/2016/06/15/impact-of-a-comprehensive-workplace-hand-hygiene-program-on-employer-health-care-insurance-claims-and-costs-absenteeism-and-employee-perceptions-and-practices/) - Abstract OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to determine the efficacy of a multimodal hand hygiene intervention program in reducing health care insurance claims for hygiene preventable infections (eg, cold and influenza), absenteeism, and subjective impact on employees.METHODS: A 13.5-month prospective, randomized cluster controlled trial was executed with alcohol-based hand sanitizer in strategic workplace
- [The Roles of Epidemiologists, Laboratorians, and Public Health Agencies in Preventing Invasive Cronobacter Infection](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/2014/12/15/the-roles-of-epidemiologists-laboratorians-and-public-health-agencies-in-preventing-invasive-cronobacter-infection/) - Abstract BACKGROUND: Cronobacter can cause severe, invasive infection in very young infants. These bacteria can also colonize or cause insignificant infections in immunocompromised, elderly, and/or hospitalized adults.METHODS: This editorial review highlights key points addressed in the Frontiers Research Topic on Cronobacter, discusses the clinical presentation and epidemiology of Cronobacter infections, and examines the responses of
- [Effects of exposure to factor concentrates containing donations from identified AIDS patients. A matched cohort study](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1986/10/01/effects-of-exposure-to-factor-concentrates-containing-donations-from-identified-aids-patients-a-matched-cohort-study/) - Abstract We compared recipients of eight lots of factors VIII and IX voluntarily withdrawn from distribution because one donor was known to have subsequently developed the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome with a nonexposed cohort matched by age, sex, and factor use. The factor VIII recipient cohorts did not differ in prevalence of antibody to human immunodeficiency
- [Human T-lymphotropic retrovirus type III/lymphadenopathy-associated virus antibody. Association with hemophiliacs' immune status and blood component usage](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1985/06/21/human-t-lymphotropic-retrovirus-type-iiilymphadenopathy-associated-virus-antibody-association-with-hemophiliacs-immune-status-and-blood-component-usage/) - Abstract We studied the human T-lymphotropic retrovirus type III/lymphadenopathy-associated virus (HTLV-III/LAV) antibody status of 234 factor VIII concentrate recipients, 36 factor IX concentrate recipients, 69 long-term recipients of frozen packed red blood cells, and 47 persons not receiving routine transfusion therapy. Factor VIII concentrate recipients had a significantly higher rate of seropositivity (74%) than any
- [Vitamin A levels and immunity in humans](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/2002/05/01/vitamin-a-levels-and-immunity-in-humans/) - Abstract In animal studies, vitamin A deficiency induces a shift from type 2 (humoral, Th2) to type 1 (cellular, Th1) cytokines; there are no similar data for humans. Control of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and Mycobacterium tuberculosis infections requires type 1 cytokine (cellular) immunity. These infections and vitamin A deficiency are highly prevalent in Africa.
- [Concordance of polymerase chain reaction with human immunodeficiency virus antibody detection](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1990/08/01/concordance-of-polymerase-chain-reaction-with-human-immunodeficiency-virus-antibody-detection/) - Abstract To evaluate the correlation of detection of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with detection of HIV antibody, 271 simultaneous serum and peripheral blood mononuclear cell samples were examined from 242 persons whose activities placed them at increased risk for HIV infection: 142 from homosexual men, 86 from hemophilic men, and
- [Relationship of partially purified factor concentrates to immune tests and AIDS. The Hemophilia-AIDS. Collaborative Study Group](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1990/08/01/relationship-of-partially-purified-factor-concentrates-to-immune-tests-and-aids-the-hemophilia-aids-collaborative-study-group/) - Abstract We evaluated those members of a cohort of 203 hemophilic men providing all necessary information at their 1984 and 1985 evaluations, to determine whether non-heated or less than 80 degrees C dry heat-treated partially purified factor products were associated with 1) the development of AIDS in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected persons or 2) abnormal
- [Modulation of CD8 and CD3 by HIV or HIV antigens](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/2001/03/01/modulation-of-cd8-and-cd3-by-hiv-or-hiv-antigens/) - Abstract To investigate whether human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 and HIV-1 antigens modulate surface and cytoplasmic CD8 or CD3, as well as CD4, we used cell permeabilization reagents, surface/cytoplasmic fluorescent staining, multiparameter flow cytometric techniques and an in vitro culture system in which relatively few lymphocytes are actively infected with HIV. Human peripheral blood lymphocytes were:
- [Single-cell cytokine profiles in normal humans: comparison of flow cytometric reagents and stimulation protocols](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1997/08/22/single-cell-cytokine-profiles-in-normal-humans-comparison-of-flow-cytometric-reagents-and-stimulation-protocols/) - Abstract Cytokines are produced and function at a micro environmental level: intracellular assessment has only recently become practically feasible. We used 3-color flow cytometry to examine surface and cytoplasmic antigens on peripheral blood lymphocytes of 18 normal donors, assessing the applicability/comparability of various directly conjugated anti-human cytokine reagents and stimulation protocols using separated cells or
- [Addressing the public's concerns about human immunodeficiency virus transmission in health-care settings](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1993/10/25/addressing-the-publics-concerns-about-human-immunodeficiency-virus-transmission-in-health-care-settings/) - Abstract BACKGROUND: The 1990 report of a cluster of patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) associated with a Florida dentist with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome attracted considerable media coverage and legislative attention. A number of polls found that the public favored mandatory HIV-antibody testing of health-care workers. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,
- [Kawasaki disease and the T-cell antigen receptor](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1998/01/01/kawasaki-disease-and-the-t-cell-antigen-receptor/) - Abstract We investigated the evidence for an infectious etiology of Kawasaki disease (KD), an acute vasculitis of unknown etiology, by assessing the effects of KD on the T cell antigen receptor variable beta region families (V beta). Using 3-color flow cytometry, we studied KD patients pre- and post-intravenous gamma globulin (IVIG) therapy and at >
- [Prevention of invasive Cronobacter infections in young infants fed powdered infant formulas](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/2012/11/01/prevention-of-invasive-cronobacter-infections-in-young-infants-fed-powdered-infant-formulas/) - Abstract BACKGROUND: Invasive Cronobacter infection is rare, devastating, and epidemiologically/microbiologically linked to powdered infant formulas (PIFs). In 2002-2004, the US Food and Drug Administration advised health care professionals to minimize PIF and powdered human milk fortifier (HMF)'s preparation, feeding, and storage times and avoid feeding them to hospitalized premature or immunocompromised neonates. Labels for PIF
- [Parenting Your Premature Baby](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1989/10/16/parenting-your-premature-baby/) - Jason J, van der Meer A. Holt Publishing Company, NY, NY, 1989. Above book was published in paperback by Dell Publishing Company, New York, NY in June, 1990. German publication rights for above book given in 1991. Parenting Your Premature Baby was cited in the Library Journal as one of the best lay medical books for public
- [The pediatrician's role in encouraging parent-child communication about the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1992/07/01/the-pediatricians-role-in-encouraging-parent-child-communication-about-the-acquired-immunodeficiency-syndrome/) - Abstract OBJECTIVE: We explored whether communication from pediatrician to parent to child might assist in education about and prevention of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection by comparing parents of children aged 10 through 17 years who did discuss acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) with their children with parents of children aged 10 through 17 years who did
- [Quantitation of human thymus/leukemia-associated antigen by radioimmunoassay in different forms of leukemia](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1979/12/01/quantitation-of-human-thymusleukemia-associated-antigen-by-radioimmunoassay-in-different-forms-of-leukemia/) - Abstract Using a radioimmunoassay, increased levels of a human thymus/leukemia-associated antigen (HThy-L) have been detected in leukemic cells and plasma from most patients with E-rosette-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and a number of patients with E-rosette-negative ALL, acute myeloblastic leukemia (AML), acute monomyelocytic leukemia (AMML), and acute undifferentiated leukemia (AVL). Low levels of HThy-L have
- [T lymphocytes responding to Mls-locus antigens are Lyt-1+, 2- and I-A restricted](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1980/01/01/t-lymphocytes-responding-to-mls-locus-antigens-are-lyt-1-2-and-i-a-restricted/) - Abstract We have investigated primary and secondary responses of mouse splenic T cells to strong mixed lymphocyte stimulating antigens controlled by the Mls locus using MHC-identical mixtures of cells. Our studies show that strong primary Mls-locus specific responses involve recognition of self I-A antigens, since BUdR and light suicide or F1 into parent radiation bone-marrow
- [How T lymphocytes recognize antigen](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1980/05/01/how-t-lymphocytes-recognize-antigen/) - Abstract One of the most intriguing problems in immunology during the years since the discovery of T cells as an entity has been the nature and specificity of their receptors. The study of the antigen-binding receptors in T cells has been plagued by a number of technical difficulties that are just now being solved. Many
- [Transient antibody deficiency and abnormal t-suppressor cells induced by phenytoin](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1982/02/18/transient-antibody-deficiency-and-abnormal-t-suppressor-cells-induced-by-phenytoin/) - Abstract The lack of normal B-cell differentiation in patients with acquired or congenital antibody deficiency may reflect abnormalities inherent in cells of B-lymphoid lineage or may involve abnormalities of regulatory (suppressor) cells. Circulating suppressor T cells, which interfere with IgM secretion in a plaque-forming-cell assay, have been found in 60 per cent of these patients,
- [Fatal child abuse in Georgia: the epidemiology of severe physical child abuse](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1983/01/01/fatal-child-abuse-in-georgia-the-epidemiology-of-severe-physical-child-abuse/) - Abstract Decisions about the occurrence of child abuse are increasingly difficult to make because concepts of what qualifies as reportable child abuse may be broadening. We examined this question by comparing 51 fatal child abuse cases occurring in Georgia between July 1975 and December 1979 to non-fatal cases and to the Georgia population. Overall rates
- [Epidemiologic differences between sexual and physical child abuse](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1982/06/25/epidemiologic-differences-between-sexual-and-physical-child-abuse/) - Abstract Sexual and physical child abuse are assumed to differ; however, these differences have not been well characterized epidemiologically. Furthermore, despite assumed differences, these types of abuse are often analyzed as one entity. This can have significant effects on assessment of risk and recommendations for intervention. We compared 735 cases of sexual abuse and 3,486 cases
- [Sexually Abused Children and Sexually Transmitted Diseases](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1982/11/17/sexually-abused-children-and-sexually-transmitted-diseases/) - Abstract Sexual abuse of children is a complex problem that has had, until recently, received only limited recognition and discussion in the pediatric literature. The reasons for this are twofold. First, the magnitude of the problem is unrecognized. Sexual child abuse is grossly underreported, with a true incidence perhaps 10-fold higher than the reported incidence.
- [Sexual child abuse](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1982/12/01/sexual-child-abuse/) - Abstract The Centers for Disease Control are currently formulating recommendations for treatment of children suspected of being sexually abused. Until this process is completed, we suggest that recommendations for adults be followed for sexually abused children. Gonorrhea prophylaxis should be given only if the abuser is known to have a gonococcal infection. Follow-up care and
- [Epidemiologic characteristics of primary homicides in the United States](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1983/04/01/epidemiologic-characteristics-of-primary-homicides-in-the-united-states/) - Abstract Homicide is one of the five leading causes of death for all persons 1-44 years of age. Over half of the homicides occurring in 1979 did not involve the perpetration of another crime. The authors have defined these as primary homicides and suggest that these deaths require the formulation of public health and social
- [Homicide as a cause of pediatric mortality in the United States](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1983/08/01/homicide-as-a-cause-of-pediatric-mortality-in-the-united-states/) - Abstract Homicide is a major cause of pediatric mortality. National law enforcement data were analyzed to characterize and differentiate neonaticide, infanticide, filicide, and overall child homicide. Results include the following: Neonaticides often involved parents or unidentified perpetrators and occurred proportionately more in rural areas than did other types of child homicide. Infanticide appeared to be
- [Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in hemophiliacs](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1984/01/01/acquired-immunodeficiency-syndrome-aids-in-hemophiliacs/) - Abstract From mid-1977 to mid-1983 the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) has received reports of more than 2,100 cases of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). These cases had either biopsy confirmed Kaposi's sarcoma or a biopsy or culture confirmed life-threatening opportunistic infection, without an identifiable cause of immunosuppression. Reports of AIDS in hemo­philiacs began to appear
- [Centers for Disease Control and the epidemiology of violence](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1984/01/01/centers-for-disease-control-and-the-epidemiology-of-violence/) - Abstract Violence is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the United States. The Center for Health Promotion and Education, the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) has begun to apply epidemiologic techniques to study the problems of child abuse, child homicide, homicide, and suicide. CDC's involvement in these areas has evolved in association with
- [Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) associated with transfusions](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1984/01/12/acquired-immunodeficiency-syndrome-aids-associated-with-transfusions/) - Abstract Of 2157 patients with the acquired immunode­ficiency syndrome (AIDS) whose cases were reported to the Centers for Disease Control by August 22, 1983, 64 (3 per cent) with AIDS and Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia had no recognized risk factors for AIDS. Eighteen of these (28 per cent) had received blood components within five years before
- [Distinctive immunological properties of cultured murine thymic epithelial cells](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1984/02/01/distinctive-immunological-properties-of-cultured-murine-thymic-epithelial-cells/) - Abstract Skin painting with chemically reactive haptens induces a hapten-specific state of hypersensitivity that is long lasting and can be transferred to unirradiated recipient mice. A similar state of hapten-specific contact sensitivity can be induced by intravenous immunization with hapten-conjugated cells. Thus far, only two cell types have been described that can perform this function:
- [In vitro cultivation of nonlymphoid thymic cells: morphological and immunological characterization](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1984/02/01/in-vitro-cultivation-of-nonlymphoid-thymic-cells-morphological-and-immunological-characterization/) - Abstract Nonlymphoid thymic elements play an important role in T-lymphocyte development, especially in the development of recognition of transplantation antigens (H-2 in the mouse). Understanding this process will require the isolation and characterization of these cells. A simple technique for the culture of an enriched population of murine thymic epithelium is described. The epithelial nature
- [Mortality and infectious disease associated with infant-feeding practices in developing countries](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1984/10/01/mortality-and-infectious-disease-associated-with-infant-feeding-practices-in-developing-countries/) - Abstract This review examines the available studies bear­ing on the relation between infant-feeding mode and infectious illness in the populations of less­ developed countries. In this review we will address the following key questions: (1) whether the method of infant feeding (breast v other) is associated with differences in rates of mortality, both overall and infectious, and
- [HTLV-III/LAV antibody status of spouses and household contacts assisting in home infusion of hemophilia patients](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1985/09/01/htlv-iiilav-antibody-status-of-spouses-and-household-contacts-assisting-in-home-infusion-of-hemophilia-patients/) - Abstract Thirty-four adult and pediatric hemophilia A and B patients and 50 nonhemophilic members belonging to 28 families were enrolled in August 1984 in a study of human T cell lymphotropic virus type III/lymphadenopathy-associated virus (HTLV-III/LAV) antibody status and T cell subpopulation numbers. All 50 household contacts, including three spouses of LAV antibody-positive adult hemophiliacs,
- [HTLV-I antibody status in hemophilia patients treated with factor concentrates prepared from U.S. plasma sources and in hemophilia patients with AIDS](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1985/04/22/htlv-i-antibody-status-in-hemophilia-patients-treated-with-factor-concentrates-prepared-from-u-s-plasma-sources-and-in-hemophilia-patients-with-aids/) - Abstract Serum samples from 85 Austrian hemophilia patients treated with lyophilized factor concentrates prepared from U.S. plasma sources, 24 hemophilia patients from Georgia on a home therapy program with factor concentrates, and 10 U.S. hemophilia patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) were analyzed by two different methods for the presence of antibodies to the major
- [Immune status of blood product recipients](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1985/02/22/immune-status-of-blood-product-recipients/) - Abstract Persons with hemophilia are at risk of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), and clinically asymptomatic hemophiliacs have shown a high incidence of AIDS-like immune abnormalities, facts leading to speculation that many hemophiliacs have been exposed to the AIDS agent through their blood products. We therefore evaluated the immune status of three groups of blood
- [Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in hemophiliacs](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1984/10/17/acquired-immunodeficiency-syndrome-aids-in-hemophiliacs-2/) - Abstract From mid-1977 to mid-1983 the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) has received reports of more than 2,100 cases of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). These cases had either biopsy-confirmed Kaposi's sarcoma or a biopsy or culture confirmed life-threatening opportunistic infection, without an identifiable cause of immunosuppression. Reports of AIDS in hemo­philiacs began to appear in
- [Pseudomonas cepacia colonization in patients with cystic fibrosis: risk factors and clinical outcome](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1985/09/01/pseudomonas-cepacia-colonization-in-patients-with-cystic-fibrosis-risk-factors-and-clinical-outcome/) - Abstract During the period of 1979 to 1983, 38 patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) at the CF center of St. Christopher's Hospital for Children in Pennsylvania developed respiratory tract colonization with Pseudomonas cepacia. Seventeen (45%) of the patients with colonization died. Yearly incidence rates of P. cepacia colonization fluctuated between 1.3% and 6.1%, suggesting an
- [Human T-cell leukemia virus (HTLV-I) p24 antibody in New York City blood product recipients](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1985/10/01/human-t-cell-leukemia-virus-htlv-i-p24-antibody-in-new-york-city-blood-product-recipients/) - Abstract Human T-cell leukemia virus (HTLV-I) is known to be associated with certain hematologic malignancies, and a related virus, HTLV-III/LAV, might be the cause of AIDS. Some persons with AIDS have had evidence of HTLV-I infection. Unrelated to these findings, it has been suggested that HTLV-I is transmitted via blood products. We therefore evaluated the
- [HTLV I/II and HTLV III seroprevalence in blood product recipients](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1985/10/17/htlv-iii-and-htlv-iii-seroprevalence-in-blood-product-recipients/) - Abstract Human T-cell leukemia virus type I (HTLV-I) has been strongly implicated as the etiology of adult T-cell leukemia (ATL), a T-cell type non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma with leukemic manifestations in Japan, the Caribbean, and the southeastern United States. The prevalence of serum antibody specific for one core antigen of HTLV-I, p24, has been found to be
- [An historical perspective on controversy surrounding the international code of marketing of breast‑milk substitutes](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1985/10/17/an-historical-perspective-on-controversy-surrounding-the-international-code-of-marketing-of-breast‑milk-substitutes/) - Jason JM, McGrady GA. In: Clinical Obstetrics - A Public Health Perspective. B P Sachs & D Acker (eds). PSG, Inc. Boston, MA, 1985. ISBN 0-88416-513-2
- [HTLV-III exposure during cardiopulmonary resuscitation](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1985/12/19/htlv-iii-exposure-during-cardiopulmonary-resuscitation/) - Abstract To the Editor: There have been no confirmed occupation-related cases of AIDS in health care workers in the United States. We have been following two nurses who participated in mouth-to-mouth re­suscitation of a patient with the AIDS-related complex, who was positive for human T-cell lymphotropic virus Type- III/lymphade­nopathy-associated virus (HTLV-III/LAV), and we here report
- [HTLV-III/LAV antibody and immune status of household contacts and sexual partners of persons with hemophilia](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1986/01/10/htlv-iiilav-antibody-and-immune-status-of-household-contacts-and-sexual-partners-of-persons-with-hemophilia/) - Abstract We evaluated the human T-cell lymphotropic virus type III/lymphadenopathy-associated virus (HTLV-III/LAV) antibody and immune status of 88 persons living with and/or sexual partners of 43 hemophiliacs, 12 of whom had AIDS, five of whom had AIDS-related complex (ARC), 17 of whom were clinically well but HTLV-III/LAV antibody positive, and nine of whom were well
- [Conjugal transmission of HTLV-III and lymphadenopathy in Christmas disease](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1986/02/28/conjugal-transmission-of-htlv-iii-and-lymphadenopathy-in-christmas-disease/) - Abstract The risk of conjugal transmission of the HTLV-III/LAV virus associated with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in patients with hemophilia is unknown. To date, only a few instances of proven exposure to HTLV-III have been reported among sexual or family contacts of patients with hemophilia. However, seropositivity to a related virus, HTLV-I, has been reported
- [HTLV-III/LAV-seronegative, virus-negative sexual partners and household contacts of hemophiliacs](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1986/04/01/htlv-iiilav-seronegative-virus-negative-sexual-partners-and-household-contacts-of-hemophiliacs/) - Abstract Public concern about the transmissibility of human T-cell lymphotropic virus type III/ lymphadenopathy-associated virus (HTLV-III/LAV) has been heightened by several reports suggesting the existence of an antibody-negative, virus-positive state in some asymptomatic sex partners of persons who are antibody-positive. We recently evaluated 88 household members and/or sex partners of persons with hemophilia and found that only two nonhemophiliacs were HTLV-III/LAV antibody-positive. We report
- [The Role of Parvovirus B19 in Aplastic Crisis and Erythema Infectiosum (Fifth Disease)](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1986/09/17/the-role-of-parvovirus-b19-in-aplastic-crisis-and-erythema-infectiosum-fifth-disease/) - Abstract In 1984, simultaneous outbreaks of aplastic crisis and erythema infectiosum occurred in northeastern Ohio. Sera were analyzed from 26 patients with aplastic crisis: 24 had IgM specific for parvovirus B19, five had Bl9-like particles by electron microscopy, and 13 had DNA from B19; no sera from 33 controls had evidence of recent infection with B19 (P< .0001). DNA
- [The course of the epidemic of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in the United States hemophilia population](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1987/07/01/the-course-of-the-epidemic-of-acquired-immunodeficiency-syndrome-in-the-united-states-hemophilia-population/) - Abstract The time course of the epidemic of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) as it has occurred in the US hemophilia population is examined using surveillance data collected by the Centers for Disease Control (CDC). These data indicate that the epidemic course in hemophiliacs is distinguishable from that in the homosexual/bisexual and intravenous drug-using populations in
- [Infectious disease-related deaths of low birth weight infants, United States, 1968 to 1982](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1989/08/01/infectious-disease-related-deaths-of-low-birth-weight-infants-united-states-1968-to-1982/) - Abstract Infant mortality rates in the United States are higher than in any other developed country. Low birth weight (LBW) is the primary determinant of infant mortality. Despite city, state, and federal programs to prevent LBW, decreases in infant mortality in the 1980s appear to be largely secondary to improved survival of LBW infants rather
- [Infectious diseases: preventable causes of infant mortality](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1987/09/01/infectious-diseases-preventable-causes-of-infant-mortality/) - Abstract After almost a century of improvement, the rate of decrease in US infant mortality rates began to level off during the period of 1982 to 1984. Rates actually increased in some states. Because much of the decline in infant mortality in this century can be attributed to advances in infectious disease treatment and prevention
- [Potential use of mass media to reach urban intravenous drug users with AIDS prevention messages](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1993/07/01/potential-use-of-mass-media-to-reach-urban-intravenous-drug-users-with-aids-prevention-messages/) - Abstract To access the potential of using the mass media to reach urban intravenous drug users (IVDUs) with AIDS prevention messages, we: 1) questioned 353 participants in a Baltimore IVDU cohort study on their media use and sources of AIDS information, 2) analyzed data on Baltimore AIDS public service announcement (PSA) airings during a 3-month
- [Hemophiliac patient's knowledge and educational needs concerning acquired immunodeficiency syndrome](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1987/10/01/hemophiliac-patients-knowledge-and-educational-needs-concerning-acquired-immunodeficiency-syndrome/) - Abstract The Patient Knowledge Assessment Study (PKAS) was conducted among 107 male hemophilic patients, aged 15 to 67 years, at 19 hemophilia treatment centers (HTC). Participants were given a 30-item questionnaire concerning the cause of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), the groups at risk, and modes of transmission. The questionnaire included questions on the participant's status
- [The Epidemiology of AIDS](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1987/10/16/1218/) - Abstract Cases of the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) were first reported in June and July of 1981, as clusters of Kaposi’s sarcoma and Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia among homosexual men. Since then, epidemiologic surveillance has been used by investigators and public health professionals to identify that an outbreak existed, to characterize the outbreak, and to determine
- [An outbreak of necrotizing enterocolitis. Association with transfusions of packed red blood cells](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1987/12/01/an-outbreak-of-necrotizing-enterocolitis-association-with-transfusions-of-packed-red-blood-cells/) - Abstract Of 187 newborns admitted to a 33-bed, level III neonatal intensive care unit between January 1, 1985 and June 23, 1985, 33 developed necrotizing enterocolitis during their hospital stay. Twenty of the 33 newborns (61%) had onset of symptoms between April 1 and June 23, suggesting clustering during this period. A case-control study, with
- [Potential effect of revising the CDC surveillance case definition for AIDS](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1988/03/01/potential-effect-of-revising-the-cdc-surveillance-case-definition-for-aids/) - Abstract The Centers for Disease Control (CDC) revised the surveillance case definition for acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in August, 1987. To determine the impact of this revision, information was extracted from the medical charts of the 630 patients receiving comprehensive medical care as of 1980 at 6 haemophilia treatment centres, and who were therefore likely
- [Racial differences in care of patients with hemophilia](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1988/06/30/racial-differences-in-care-of-patients-with-hemophilia/) - Abstract Hemophilia treatment centers were first established in the mid­-1970s to provide optimal and coordinated medical care to patients with the disorder. Our study suggests that blacks with hemophilia may be receiving less coordinated care and less appropriate blood­ product therapy than whites with hemophilia. Differences in health care, therapy, and exposure to blood products
- [Human immunodeficiency virus infection in hemophilic children](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1988/10/01/human-immunodeficiency-virus-infection-in-hemophilic-children/) - Abstract The following groups were compared: (1) children less than 18 years old who have hemophilia-associated acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) with other children with AIDS and with adults who have hemophilia-associated AIDS and (2) asymptomatic HIV-infected hemophilic children with asymptomatic HIV-infected hemophilic adults. Children with hemophilia-associated AIDS were older than other children with AIDS (medians
- [HIV and hemophilic children's growth](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1989/01/01/hiv-and-hemophilic-childrens-growth/) - Abstract The acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) often has profound effects on growth; however, the effects of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) on asymptomatic children's growth are unknown. Before heat inactivation/HIV donor screening of factor concentrates, many hemophilic children became infected with HIV. We evaluated four hemophilic groups without AIDS, using age-standardized growth parameters: group 1,
- [Risk of developing AIDS in HIV-infected cohorts of hemophilic and homosexual men](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1989/02/01/risk-of-developing-aids-in-hiv-infected-cohorts-of-hemophilic-and-homosexual-men/) - Abstract The latency period and/or incidence of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) may differ in persons infected with the human immunodeficiency virus by different routes or having different "cofactors." We compared 79 hemophilic men in Pennsylvania and 117 homosexual and bisexual men in California, all having known dates of infection and long postinfection observation periods,
- [Sex practice correlates of human immunodeficiency virus transmission and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome incidence in heterosexual partners and offspring of U.S. hemophilic men](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1989/02/01/sex-practice-correlates-of-human-immunodeficiency-virus-transmission-and-acquired-immunodeficiency-syndrome-incidence-in-heterosexual-partners-and-offspring-of-u-s-hemophilic-men/) - Abstract We assessed the risk of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission from heterosexual seropositive hemophilic men to their female sex partners through an HIV serosurvey and questionnaire study conducted during 1984-1987. Five percent of 21 female partners of asymptomatic men and 11% of 35 partners of HIV-symptomatic (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome [AIDS], AIDS-related complex [ARC], peripheral
- [Duration of human immunodeficiency virus infection before detection of antibody](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1989/09/16/duration-of-human-immunodeficiency-virus-infection-before-detection-of-antibody/) - Abstract To estimate the duration and frequency of the period of HIV infection without detectable antibody, modelling techniques were applied to results of detection of HIV DNA by means of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and to data from cases in published reports. PCR was carried out with gag and env region primers on samples
- [Prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 DNA in hemophilic men and their sex partners. Hemophilia-AIDS Collaborative Study Group](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1989/11/01/prevalence-of-human-immunodeficiency-virus-type-1-dna-in-hemophilic-men-and-their-sex-partners-hemophilia-aids-collaborative-study-group/) - Abstract Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to detect human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 DNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells to assess in hemophilic men whether any were HIV-seropositive but uninfected or seronegative but infected and in seronegative sex partners of seropositive hemophilic men whether any were infected. Of 40 seropositive men, 38 (95%) were PCR-positive;
- [Geographic variability of hemophilia-associated AIDS in the United States: effect of population characteristics. Hemophilia-Associated AIDS Study Group](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1989/11/01/geographic-variability-of-hemophilia-associated-aids-in-the-united-states-effect-of-population-characteristics-hemophilia-associated-aids-study-group/) - Abstract National AIDS surveillance suggests that approximately 3.5% of all hemophilic patients in the United States have developed AIDS as of February 1988; however, the cumulative incidence of AIDS among seropositive patients at individual hemophilia treatment centers (HTCs) has been reported to be as high as 12%. The purpose of this study was to examine
- [Absence of human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I coinfection in human immunodeficiency virus-infected hemophilic men](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1989/11/15/absence-of-human-t-cell-lymphotropic-virus-type-i-coinfection-in-human-immunodeficiency-virus-infected-hemophilic-men/) - Abstract Concern for transmission of human T-cell lymphotropic virus, type 1 (HTLV-1) infection to recipients of infected cellular blood products has prompted development of tests to eliminate blood units with HTLV-I antibodies. Most hemophilic men from the United States became infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) before HIV donor screening and before blood products were
- [Pregnancies in human immunodeficiency virus-infected sex partners of hemophilic men. The Hemophilia-AIDS Collaborative Study Group](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1990/04/01/pregnancies-in-human-immunodeficiency-virus-infected-sex-partners-of-hemophilic-men-the-hemophilia-aids-collaborative-study-group/) - Abstract We investigated 24 completed pregnancies of 20 healthy, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-seropositive sex partners of 20 seropositive hemophilic men. One woman had recurrent herpes simplex type 2 infection; no woman was known to use illicit drugs or to have other purported cofactors for vertical HIV transmission. For 8 offspring, the mothers learned of their
- [Abuse, neglect, and the HIV-infected child](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1991/01/01/abuse-neglect-and-the-hiv-infected-child/) - Abstract The effect of HIV on child abuse prevention must be considered on three different levels. The first consists of indirect effects: the extent to which this infection will be a burden on the health care, social service, and public assistance systems in this and other countries, leading to decreasing resources for child abuse prevention.
- [Evaluating the "America Responds to AIDS" Campaign](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1991/02/17/evaluating-the-america-responds-to-aids-campaign/) - Abstract Social marketing is "the design, implementation, and control of programs seeking to increase the acceptability of a social idea or practice in a target group." It has existed in the United States for over a century and at various times has focused on such health-related behaviors as tobacco use, alcohol and drug use, control
- [Breast-feeding in 1991](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1991/10/01/breast-feeding-in-1991/) - Abstract With increasing urbanization and greater entry of women into the workforce in both undeveloped and developed countries, it behooves physicians to remember that our encouragement of breast-feeding often conflicts with the practical imperatives faced by many young mothers. We should continue to encourage breast-feeding, but in individual instances this policy can safely be
- [Human immunodeficiency virus transmission from hemophilic men to their heterosexual partners](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1991/10/16/human-immunodeficiency-virus-transmission-from-hemophilic-men-to-their-heterosexual-partners/) - Lawrence DN, Jason JM, Holman RC, Murphy JJ. In: Heterosexual transmission of AIDS: Alexander, N.J., Gabelnick, H.L. and Spieler, J.M. (Eds.), xiv + 440 pp., illus. Wiley-Liss, New York, 1990. ISBN 0-471-562080-4 DOI: 10.1016/0022-1759(91)90137-5
- [Paid advertising for AIDS prevention--would the ends justify the means?](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1991/11/01/paid-advertising-for-aids-prevention-would-the-ends-justify-the-means/) - Abstract An examination by the Centers for Disease Control and the Research Triangle Institute concluded that "hard-to-reach" populations could be reached with AIDS prevention messages through the broadcast and print media and that a study should be undertaken to assess whether paid placement of these messages could have an effect on HIV-related behaviors. The recommended
- [A system for evaluating the use of media in CDC's National AIDS Information and Education Program](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1991/11/01/a-system-for-evaluating-the-use-of-media-in-cdcs-national-aids-information-and-education-program/) - Abstract The National AIDS Information and Education Program (NAIEP) commissioned the National Academy of Sciences to design a prototypical system of research for use in the evaluation of the agency's media campaign. It consists of four types of evaluation: formative, efficacy, process, and outcome. These types of evaluations are used to answer such questions as
- [Recall of AIDS public service announcements and their impact on the ranking of AIDS as a national problem](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1992/07/01/recall-of-aids-public-service-announcements-and-their-impact-on-the-ranking-of-aids-as-a-national-problem/) - Abstract The efficacy of two public service announcements from Phase V of the "America Responds to AIDS" (ARTA) campaign was assessed at two sites. Participants were randomly assigned to view a local news program, one with an ARTA public service announcement appearing six times and the other with no AIDS public service announcements. During telephone
- [Using indices to differentiate dimensions of knowledge regarding modes of HIV transmission in the U.S. population, 1987-1989](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1993/01/01/using-indices-to-differentiate-dimensions-of-knowledge-regarding-modes-of-hiv-transmission-in-the-u-s-population-1987-1989/) - Abstract The number of HIV-infected individuals is increasing, making it important for the public to understand not only how HIV is transmitted but also the lack of transmission risk associated with casual contact. Using CDC's National Center for Health Statistics National Health Interview Survey, we divided modes of transmission items into two areas of knowledge:
- [Hemophilia growth and development study. Design, methods, and entry data](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1993/05/01/hemophilia-growth-and-development-study-design-methods-and-entry-data/) - Abstract PURPOSE: The study design, research questions, and baseline data are presented from a multicenter longitudinal epidemiologic investigation of the impact of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection on three areas of functioning in children and adolescents with hemophilia: physical growth and sexual maturation, immune function, and neurological and neuropsychological functioning. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Sixty-nine percent
- [Educating Young Adults About HIV and AIDS:  the Impact of Direct Response Television Public Service Advertising](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1993/10/15/educating-young-adults-about-hiv-and-aids-the-impact-of-direct-response-television-public-service-advertising-2/) - ABSTRACT Limited resources combined with a desire to reach as many people as possible often make direct response public service announcements an important tool in educational campaigns. To understand the impact of direct-response TV PSAs, and find ways to increase their effectiveness, this study examined 1) the effects of a highly targeted HIV prevention message on
- [Evidence for a shift from a type I lymphocyte pattern with HIV disease progression. Hemophilia Growth and Development Study](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1995/12/01/evidence-for-a-shift-from-a-type-i-lymphocyte-pattern-with-hiv-disease-progression-hemophilia-growth-and-development-study/) - Abstract Whether a shift from a type I (cell mediated) immune profile occurs with progressive HIV-related immune dysfunction is a matter of heated debate. We analyzed data for 333 HIV antibody-positive (HIV+) and -negative (HIV-) hemophilic children/adolescents, to examine whether the relationships among immunologic parameters and vaccine-related serology supported a shift with advancing HIV infection.
- [Immune and serologic profiles of HIV-infected and noninfected hemophilic children and adolescents. Hemophilia Growth and Development Study Group](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1994/05/01/immune-and-serologic-profiles-of-hiv-infected-and-noninfected-hemophilic-children-and-adolescents-hemophilia-growth-and-development-study-group/) - Abstract OBJECTIVES: To assess relationships among the effects of HIV on hemophilic children and adolescents' immunologic parameters and vaccine-related serology. METHODS: We analyzed data from extensive baseline immunologic evaluations of 207 HIV antibody-positive (HIV+) and 126 HIV antibody-negative (HIV-) hemophilic children and adolescents. RESULTS: HIV+ and HIV- participants differed significantly in T-lymphocyte subpopulation numbers, immunoglobulin
- [The effects of mitogens, IL-2 and anti-CD3 antibody on the T-cell receptor V beta repertoire](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1996/06/01/the-effects-of-mitogens-il-2-and-anti-cd3-antibody-on-the-t-cell-receptor-v-beta-repertoire/) - Abstract Phytohaemagglutinin (PHA), Concanavalin A (Con A), interleukin-2 (IL-2), and monoclonal antibodies to CD3 (CD3MoAbs) are used for the assessment of the T-cell receptor (TCR) BV gene family expression in autoimmune disorders and multiple sclerosis, and to produce clones for assessment of cytokine profiles in progressive human immunodeficiency virus infection. The authors examined the effects
- [HIV antigens and T-cell receptor variable beta chain families](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1997/01/01/hiv-antigens-and-t-cell-receptor-variable-beta-chain-families/) - Abstract The authors investigated whether the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has restrictive effects on the variable region of the beta chain (V beta) of the T-cell antigen receptor (TCR), by in vitro cultivation of non-HIV-infected peripheral blood lymphocytes with one of six HIV antigens or heat-inactivated whole virus (HIV-HI). Resting and blastic CD4+ and CD8-
- [Immunoregulatory changes in Kawasaki disease](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1997/09/01/immunoregulatory-changes-in-kawasaki-disease/) - Abstract Kawasaki disease (KD) is an acute vasculitis of unknown etiology, occurring in young children and treated with intravenous gamma globulin (IVIG) to prevent significant cardiac morbidity and mortality. We studied KD patients pre- and post-IVIG therapy and at >40 days posttherapy, additionally comparing them with matched pediatric control patients and parents. Using three-color flow
- [Immune determinants of organism and outcome in febrile hospitalized Thai patients with bloodstream infections](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1999/01/01/immune-determinants-of-organism-and-outcome-in-febrile-hospitalized-thai-patients-with-bloodstream-infections/) - Abstract Opportunistic infections (OI) and the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) cause significant morbidity and mortality in developing countries. Immune cell and cytokine profiles may be related to the type and course of OI and to the OI-HIV interaction. Examining cell-specific cytokine production ex vivo has only recently become feasible. In Thailand, 53 febrile, hospitalized adults
- [Increased expression of CD80 and CD86 in in vitro-infected CD3+ cells producing cytoplasmic HIV type 1 p24](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1999/01/20/increased-expression-of-cd80-and-cd86-in-in-vitro-infected-cd3-cells-producing-cytoplasmic-hiv-type-1-p24/) - Abstract Determining the effects of HIV infection on the expression of cell surface molecules has been limited by an inability to differentiate between productively infected cells and those without productive infection. We inoculated human peripheral blood mononuclear cells from healthy, human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV) antibody-negative donors with HIV; noninoculated cells were also examined.
- [Mitogen-induced modulation of CD3, CD4, and CD8](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/2000/03/01/mitogen-induced-modulation-of-cd3-cd4-and-cd8/) - Abstract It is not clear whether CD3 contacts CD4 or CD8 directly, nor have the regulation and interregulation of expression of these three receptor molecules been determined. We explored these issues by first stimulating human peripheral blood lymphocytes in vitro with three well-characterized T-cell receptor-directed mitogens (phytohemagglutinin [PHA], concanavalin A [ConA], and anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody
- [Natural T, gammadelta, and NK cells in mycobacterial, Salmonella, and human immunodeficiency virus infections](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/2000/08/01/natural-t-gammadelta-and-nk-cells-in-mycobacterial-salmonella-and-human-immunodeficiency-virus-infections/) - Abstract NK cells, gammadelta T cell antigen receptor chain-positive cells, and CD3(+)CD16/56(+) (natural T [NT]) cells are involved in innate immunity and immunoregulation; however, their role in clinical infection is not well defined. Cytofluorometric analysis was used to examine peripheral blood from bacteremic, nonbacteremic, and healthy human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive and -negative persons in Malawi,
- [Effects of HIV-1 peptides on T-cell receptor variable beta chain families](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/2000/10/01/effects-of-hiv-1-peptides-on-t-cell-receptor-variable-beta-chain-families/) - Abstract Superantigens (SAGs) selectively stimulate expansion and then deletion of specific T cell antigen receptor (TCR) variable beta chain (Vbeta) families. We investigated six synthetically produced HIV-1-related peptides for evidence of SAG activity: three derived all or in part from the transmembrane gp41 protein and three from the genetic sequence of the tRNA binding region.
- [Cytokines and malaria parasitemia](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/2001/08/01/cytokines-and-malaria-parasitemia/) - Abstract The balance between pro- and antiinflammatory cytokines may be important in malaria presentation and outcome. Malaria tends to be more severe in children than in adults, presumably because partial immunity develops with age. However, the full nature of, and age-related differences in, anti-malarial immunity are unknown. We compared: (1) serum and cell-specific cytokines of
- [Intracellular cytokines in the acute response to highly active antiretroviral therapy](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/2001/09/01/intracellular-cytokines-in-the-acute-response-to-highly-active-antiretroviral-therapy/) - Abstract OBJECTIVES: Successful highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) is usually associated with a rapid decline in HIV plasma RNA levels and a gradual increase in CD4 T cells. We examined whether changes in cytokine production and profile precede other immunological changes and whether these might occur in temporal association with plasma HIV RNA changes. DESIGN
- [Comparison of serum and cell-specific cytokines in humans](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/2001/11/01/comparison-of-serum-and-cell-specific-cytokines-in-humans/) - Abstract Cytokines function at the cellular, microenvironmental level, but human cytokine assessment is most commonly done at the macro level, by measuring serum cytokines. The relationships between serum and cellular cytokines, if there are any, are undefined. In a study of hospitalized patients in Malawi, we compared cytometrically assessed, cell-specific cytokine data to serum interleukin
- [The effects of iron deficiency on lymphocyte cytokine production and activation: preservation of hepatic iron but not at all cost](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/2001/12/01/the-effects-of-iron-deficiency-on-lymphocyte-cytokine-production-and-activation-preservation-of-hepatic-iron-but-not-at-all-cost/) - Abstract Worldwide, over 40% of children have iron deficiency anaemia, frequently associated with infections. Certain cytokines are involved in both immune activation/response to infection and iron transport/metabolism. We therefore assessed the relations among iron deficiency, cytokine production and lymphocyte activation markers in 142 hospitalized Malawian children. We examined peripheral blood lymphocyte antigens/cytokine production using four-
- [Age-related differences in cell-specific cytokine production by acutely ill Malawian patients](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/2002/04/01/age-related-differences-in-cell-specific-cytokine-production-by-acutely-ill-malawian-patients/) - Abstract Age-related changes in human cell-specific cytokine responses to acute illness have not been well examined. We therefore evaluated age-related differences in T, B and natural killer (NK) peripheral blood lymphocyte cytokine responses of 309 acutely ill hospitalized people in Malawi, Africa, < 1 month-61 years of age. We used four-colour flow cytometry and performed
- [Automated Evaluation of AIDS Messages with High‐Risk, Low‐Literacy Audiences](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/2002/10/15/automated-evaluation-of-aids-messages-with-high‐risk-low‐literacy-audiences/) - Abstract A series of televised public service announcements (PSAs) about acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) was evaluated with 100 black participants attending a Sexually Transmitted Diseases Clinic in Atlanta, Georgia. Since the literacy level of the participants was suspected to be low, questions were administered orally and an electronic data collection technique was used which
- [Spontaneous cytokine production and its effect on induced production](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/2002/09/01/spontaneous-cytokine-production-and-its-effect-on-induced-production/) - Abstract Cytokines regulate cellular immune activity and are produced by a variety of cells, especially lymphocytes, monocytes, and macrophages. Multiparameter flow cytometry is often used to examine cell-specific cytokine production after in vitro phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate and ionomycin induction, with brefeldin A or other agents added to inhibit protein secretion. Spontaneous ex vivo production reportedly
- [Clinical and immune impact of Mycobacterium bovis BCG vaccination scarring](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/2002/11/01/clinical-and-immune-impact-of-mycobacterium-bovis-bcg-vaccination-scarring/) - Abstract The World Health Organization recommends Mycobacterium bovis BCG vaccination in areas of high tuberculosis prevalence. BCG's clinical and immune effects, not necessarily Mycobacterium tuberculosis specific, are unclear. BCG vaccine scarring often is used as a surrogate marker of vaccination or of effective vaccination. We evaluated BCG scarring status in relation to clinical findings and
- [Demographic and immune correlates of human herpesvirus 8 seropositivity in Malawi, Africa](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/2002/12/01/demographic-and-immune-correlates-of-human-herpesvirus-8-seropositivity-in-malawi-africa/) - Abstract BACKGROUND: In the USA, human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) is associated with Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) and HIV infection. We examined HHV-8 seroprevalence in a Malawian cohort, and assessed its relationship with HIV, KS, demographic characteristics, and immune findings. METHODS: In 1997 and 1998, blood samples were obtained from 272 hospitalized Malawian patients, for whom demographic
- [Peripheral blood cell-specific cytokines in persons with untreated HIV infection in Malawi, Africa](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/2002/12/10/peripheral-blood-cell-specific-cytokines-in-persons-with-untreated-hiv-infection-in-malawi-africa/) - Abstract Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is the primary cause of morbidity and mortality in Malawi, Africa, because of its many effects on the immune system. Immune cells communicate through cytokines; therefore, we examined the relationships between HIV serostatus and cell-specific cytokine production for 40 asymptomatic, employed adults and 312 acutely ill, hospitalized patients in
- [Clinical predictors of bloodstream infections and mortality in hospitalized Malawian children](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/2004/02/01/clinical-predictors-of-bloodstream-infections-and-mortality-in-hospitalized-malawian-children/) - Abstract BACKGROUND: In sub-Saharan Africa, bloodstream infections (BSI) are a major cause of pediatric mortality. Because of limited resources and facilities in these developing countries, treatment often must be based solely on clinical observations and patient history and includes the use of broad spectrum antimicrobials, a factor in the emergence of antibiotic resistance. METHODS: During
- [Polycystic ovary syndrome in the United States: clinical visit rates, characteristics, and associated health care costs](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/2011/07/11/polycystic-ovary-syndrome-in-the-united-states-clinical-visit-rates-characteristics-and-associated-health-care-costs/) - Abstract Background: There are no national data on polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), a hormonal disorder of reproductive-aged women and the most frequent cause of oligoovulatory infertility. Objective: To assess the patient characteristics, treatment provided, and healthcare costs associated with PCOS medical visits in the United States. Design: National PCOS-related medical visits were characterized and compared
- [Community-acquired, non-occupational needlestick injuries treated in US Emergency Departments](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/2013/09/01/community-acquired-non-occupational-needlestick-injuries-treated-in-us-emergency-departments/) - Abstract BACKGROUND: The escalating number of persons self-injecting medications, predominantly insulin, has generated concerns that the public is at risk of acquiring blood-borne infections from discarded needles/syringes. Communities have developed disposal guidelines but a debate continues over the need for further legislation and/or at-home safety devices. This study examines the number, characteristics, treatment and costs
- [Diagnostic considerations in ataxia-telangiectasia](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1979/09/01/diagnostic-considerations-in-ataxia-telangiectasia/) - Abstract 13 children with ataxia-telangiectasia were followed for 6 years. Unlike previously reported cases, these patients had progressive, debilitating neurological disease and slight pulmonary or infectious symptoms. Immunological dysfunction was variable and endocrinological defects were absent. Oculomotor findings, alpha-fetoprotein levels, and the incidence of chromosomal breakage were the most consistent parameters in the diagnosis of
- [Detection of a novel binding site for T cell derived antigen binding proteins on thymic epithelial cell surfaces](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1982/10/17/detection-of-a-novel-binding-site-for-t-cell-derived-antigen-binding-proteins-on-thymic-epithelial-cell-surfaces/) - Abstract The presence of helper T cells that do not recognize major histocompatibility complex encoded antigenic determinants but rather are specific for self idiotypic determinants led us to search for a mechanism by which such cells might be influenced by idiotype expressed on the surfaces of thymic epithelial cells. Thymic epithelial cells were cultured and
- [Objective birth data and the prediction of child abuse](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1982/01/01/objective-birth-data-and-the-prediction-of-child-abuse/) - Abstract Data from the USA suggest that many cases of abuse are not reported to child abuse agencies. It is highly likely that the population characteristics associated with risk of abuse may actually represent risk of abuse coming to the attention of the authorities. Since the lower social classes are likely to be the beneficiaries of
- [Clinical aspects of child abuse](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1984/10/17/clinical-aspects-of-child-abuse/) - Jason J In: Current Diagnosis, 7th edition, R.B. Conn, editor. W.B. Saunders Co, Philadelphia, 1984.
- [AIDS in hemophilia](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1984/10/17/aids-in-hemophilia/) - Evatt BL, Chorba T, McGrady G, Jason JM. Proc 4th International Symp on Hemophilia Treatment, Tokyo, Japan, 1984; p 1‑14.
- [Perspective comprehension of AIDS](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1984/10/17/perspective-comprehension-of-aids/) - Evatt BL, Jason J Proc 4th Int Symp HT 1984; p 97‑102.
- [Child abuse in Georgia: a method to evaluate risk factors and reporting bias](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1982/12/01/child-abuse-in-georgia-a-method-to-evaluate-risk-factors-and-reporting-bias/) - Abstract From July 1975 through December 1979, the Georgia Department of Protective Services Central Registry recorded population-based data on confirmed, non-confirmable, and ruled-out child abuse reports. We propose that reporting biases are reflected in the differential characteristics of confirmed and ruled-out reports of child abuse. Characteristics, households, or groups equally or more prevalent in the
- [A comparison of primary and secondary homicides in the United States](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1983/03/01/a-comparison-of-primary-and-secondary-homicides-in-the-united-states/) - Abstract In 1979, over 20,000 people in the United States were victims of homicide, but public health agencies have not yet defined their role in its prevention. Role definition might begin with differentiating various forms of homicide, so the authors used data on all homicides reported by law enforcement agencies for 1976-1979 to determine whether
- [Child homicide spectrum](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1983/06/01/child-homicide-spectrum/) - Abstract Violence toward children is an acknowledged pediatric problem, but physicians may not be aware that it is a leading cause of pediatric mortality. Therefore, I used homicide data for persons younger than 18 years of age to characterize child homicide. There are two broad categories: The first predominates until the victim age of 3
- [Epidemiologic analysis of a cluster of homicides of children in Atlanta](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1984/06/22/epidemiologic-analysis-of-a-cluster-of-homicides-of-children-in-atlanta/) - Abstract Between July 1, 1979, and March 15, 1981, there were 22 unsolved homicides and two unsolved disappearances of Atlanta children. Using epidemiologic methods, we attempted to identify factors that had put children at an increased risk of homicide. That all victims in this cluster were black, killed away from home, and that asphyxiation was
- [Underrecording of infant homicide in the United States](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1983/02/01/underrecording-of-infant-homicide-in-the-united-states/) - Abstract Homicide rates for infants dropped suddenly between 1967 and 1969. The abrupt nature of this decline suggested the change was artifactual. Investigation suggests that two classification revisions instituted at this time were causes of this decline: changes in related codes set forth in the Eighth Revision of the International Classification of Diseases, Adapted, and
- [Lymphadenopathy-associated virus antibodies and T cells in hemophiliacs treated with cryoprecipitate or concentrate](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1985/09/01/lymphadenopathy-associated-virus-antibodies-and-t-cells-in-hemophiliacs-treated-with-cryoprecipitate-or-concentrate/) - Abstract Evidence for exposure to lymphadenopathy-associated virus (LAV) was investigated in 48 patients with hemophilia, 15 of whom had been treated exclusively with single-donor cryoprecipitate. The prevalence of antibodies to LAV in all patients was 53% in 1983 and 63% in 1984, while in patients treated only with cryoprecipitate, the prevalence was 31% in 1983
- [Age and human immunodeficiency virus infection in persons with hemophilia in California](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1990/08/01/age-and-human-immunodeficiency-virus-infection-in-persons-with-hemophilia-in-california/) - Abstract Thirteen hemophilia centers provide comprehensive care to approximately 90 percent of persons with hemophilia in California. For 1987, these centers reported patient human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) antibody status, age group, level of clotting factor deficiency, and hemophilia type on 1,438 persons with hemophilia A and B; HIV serologic status was known for 860 persons
- [Hemophilia-associated AIDS in the United States, 1981 to September 1987](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1988/04/01/hemophilia-associated-aids-in-the-united-states-1981-to-september-1987/) - Abstract Between January 1, 1981 and September 4, 1987, 407 cases of hemophilia-associated acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) had been reported to the Centers for Disease Control. The number of cases diagnosed each year nearly doubled, except in 1986, when cases increased only 50 per cent. Demographic characteristics of the patients did not change over time.
- [Meta-analysis on central line-associated bloodstream infections associated with a needleless intravenous connector with a new engineering design](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/2014/12/01/meta-analysis-on-central-line-associated-bloodstream-infections-associated-with-a-needleless-intravenous-connector-with-a-new-engineering-design/) - Abstract BACKGROUND: Intravenous needleless connectors (NCs) with a desired patient safety design may facilitate effective intravenous line care and reduce the risk for central line-associated bloodstream infection (CLA-BSI). We conducted a meta-analysis to determine the risk for CLA-BSI associated with the use of a new NC with an improved engineering design. METHODS: We reviewed MEDLINE,
- [Vancomycin use in hospitalized pediatric patients](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/2003/08/01/vancomycin-use-in-hospitalized-pediatric-patients/) - Abstract OBJECTIVES: To assess vancomycin utilization at children's hospitals, to determine risk factors for vancomycin use and length of therapy, and to facilitate adapting recommendations to optimize vancomycin prescribing practices in pediatric patients. METHODS: Two surveys were conducted at Pediatric Prevention Network hospitals. The first (Survey I) evaluated vancomycin control programs. The second (Survey II)
- [Reply to letter to the editor on "comparative efficacy of commercially available alcohol-based hand rubs and World Health Organization-recommended hand rubs"](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/2013/05/01/reply-to-letter-to-the-editor-on-comparative-efficacy-of-commercially-available-alcohol-based-hand-rubs-and-world-health-organization-recommended-hand-rubs/) - Abstract Edmonds SL, Macinga DR, Jarvis WR Am J Infect Control 2013 May;41(5):474-5 PMID: 23622706
- [Would active surveillance cultures help control healthcare-related methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections?](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/2002/02/01/would-active-surveillance-cultures-help-control-healthcare-related-methicillin-resistant-staphylococcus-aureus-infections/) - Abstract Farr BM, Jarvis WR Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2002 Feb;23(2):65-8 PMID: 11893150
- [Feasibility of national surveillance of health-care-associated infections in home-care settings](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/2002/03/01/feasibility-of-national-surveillance-of-health-care-associated-infections-in-home-care-settings/) - Abstract This article examines the rationale and strategies for surveillance of health-care-associated infections in home-care settings, the challenges of nonhospital-based surveillance, and the feasibility of developing a national surveillance system. Manangan LP, Pearson ML, Tokars JI, Miller E, Jarvis WR Emerging Infect. Dis. 2002 Mar;8(3):233-6 PMID: 11927018
- [A national point-prevalence survey of pediatric intensive care unit-acquired infections in the United States](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/2002/04/01/a-national-point-prevalence-survey-of-pediatric-intensive-care-unit-acquired-infections-in-the-united-states/) - Abstract OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of intensive care unit-acquired infections, a major cause of morbidity in pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) patients.METHODS: Pediatric Prevention Network hospitals (n = 31) participated in a point-prevalence survey on August 4, 1999. Data collected for all PICU inpatients included demographics, infections, therapeutic interventions, and outcomes.RESULTS: There were 512
- [The evolving world of healthcare-associated bloodstream infection surveillance and prevention: is your system as good as you think?](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/2002/05/01/the-evolving-world-of-healthcare-associated-bloodstream-infection-surveillance-and-prevention-is-your-system-as-good-as-you-think/) - Abstract Jarvis WR Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2002 May;23(5):236-8 PMID: 12026146
- [Bloodstream infections in pediatric oncology outpatients: a new healthcare systems challenge](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/2002/05/01/bloodstream-infections-in-pediatric-oncology-outpatients-a-new-healthcare-systems-challenge/) - Abstract OBJECTIVE: To investigate a perceived increase in central venous catheter (CVC)-associated bloodstream infections (BSIs) among pediatric hematology-oncology outpatients.DESIGN: A case-control study.SETTING: A pediatric hematology-oncology outpatient clinic at Fresno Children's Hospital.PATIENTS: Pediatric hematology-oncology clinic outpatients with CVCs at Fresno Children's Hospital between November 1994 and October 1997.METHODS: A case-patient was defined as any hematology-oncology outpatient
- [Serratia marcescens bacteremia traced to an infused narcotic](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/2002/05/16/serratia-marcescens-bacteremia-traced-to-an-infused-narcotic/) - Abstract BACKGROUND: From June 30, 1998, through March 21, 1999, several patients in the surgical intensive care unit of a hospital acquired Serratia marcescens bacteremia. We investigated this outbreak.METHODS: A case was defined as the occurrence of S. marcescens bacteremia in any patient in the surgical intensive care unit during the period of the epidemic.
- [An outbreak of neonatal deaths in Brazil associated with contaminated intravenous fluids](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/2002/07/01/an-outbreak-of-neonatal-deaths-in-brazil-associated-with-contaminated-intravenous-fluids/) - Abstract A nursery outbreak of fever and clinical sepsis resulted in the deaths of 36 neonates in Roraima, Brazil. To determine the cause, epidemiologic studies were performed, along with culture and endotoxin analysis of intravenous (iv) fluids. Affected neonates were more likely to have lower birth weight (2.1 vs. 3.2 kg; P
- [Prevalence of surgical-site infections and patterns of antimicrobial use in a large tertiary-care hospital in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/2002/07/01/prevalence-of-surgical-site-infections-and-patterns-of-antimicrobial-use-in-a-large-tertiary-care-hospital-in-ho-chi-minh-city-vietnam/) - Abstract BACKGROUND: Few studies have been conducted in Vietnam on the epidemiology of healthcare-associated infections or antimicrobial use. Thus, we sought to determine the prevalence of and risk factors for surgical-site infections (SSIs) and to document antimicrobial use in surgical patients in a large healthcare facility in Vietnam.METHODS: We conducted a point-prevalence survey of SSIs
- [Infection due to extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serotype infantis in a neonatal unit](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/2002/09/01/infection-due-to-extended-spectrum-beta-lactamase-producing-salmonella-enterica-subsp-enterica-serotype-infantis-in-a-neonatal-unit/) - Abstract OBJECTIVE: To describe the investigation and control of an outbreak of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase producing Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serotype Infantis in a neonatal unit in Brazil.METHODS: A case-control study for risk factors for Salmonella Infantis systemic infection, environmental cultures, and evaluation of staffing and overcrowding and an assessment of infection control practices were performed.RESULTS:
- [Risk factors for Burkholderia cepacia complex colonization and infection among patients with cystic fibrosis](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/2002/10/01/risk-factors-for-burkholderia-cepacia-complex-colonization-and-infection-among-patients-with-cystic-fibrosis/) - Abstract OBJECTIVES: To determine risk factors for acquiring Burkholderia cepacia complex among patients with cystic fibrosis (CF).STUDY DESIGN: A case-control study was conducted with active surveillance for B cepacia complex colonization/infection among patients at 21 CF centers from April 1986 to March 1989 (study period). A case-patient was defined as any CF patient with B
- [Evaluation and treatment of neonates with suspected late-onset sepsis: a survey of neonatologists' practices](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/2002/10/01/evaluation-and-treatment-of-neonates-with-suspected-late-onset-sepsis-a-survey-of-neonatologists-practices/) - Abstract OBJECTIVE: To ascertain current diagnostic and treatment practices for suspected late-onset sepsis in infants in neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) and identify areas that may benefit from clinical practice guidelines.METHODS: During June 2000, we conducted a multicenter survey of neonatologists and infection control professionals regarding practices related to late-onset sepsis in NICUs at children's
- [Epidemiological and microbiological characterization of infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus with reduced susceptibility to vancomycin, United States, 1997-2001](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/2003/02/15/epidemiological-and-microbiological-characterization-of-infections-caused-by-staphylococcus-aureus-with-reduced-susceptibility-to-vancomycin-united-states-1997-2001/) - Abstract Infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus with reduced vancomycin susceptibility (SA-RVS; minimum inhibitory concentration [MIC], >or=4 microg/mL), including vancomycin-intermediate S. aureus (VISA; MIC, 8 microg/mL), are a new clinical and public health dilemma. Prospective surveillance and a nested case-control study of patients in the United States infected with SA-RVS was conduced from March 1999 through
- [Are there regional variations in the diagnosis, surveillance, and control of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus?](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/2003/05/01/are-there-regional-variations-in-the-diagnosis-surveillance-and-control-of-methicillin-resistant-staphylococcus-aureus/) - Abstract OBJECTIVE: To assess the way healthcare facilities (HCFs) diagnose, survey, and control methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA).DESIGN: Questionnaire.SETTING: Ninety HCFs in 30 countries.RESULTS: Evaluation of susceptibility testing methods showed that 8 laboratories (9%) used oxacillin disks with antimicrobial content different from the one recommended, 12 (13%) did not determine MRSA susceptibility to vancomycin, and 4
- [SHEA guideline for preventing nosocomial transmission of multidrug-resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus and enterococcus](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/2003/05/01/shea-guideline-for-preventing-nosocomial-transmission-of-multidrug-resistant-strains-of-staphylococcus-aureus-and-enterococcus/) - Abstract BACKGROUND: Infection control programs were created three decades ago to control antibiotic-resistant healthcare-associated infections, but there has been little evidence of control in most facilities. After long, steady increases of MRSA and VRE infections in NNIS System hospitals, the Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America (SHEA) Board of Directors made reducing antibiotic-resistant infections a
- [Dinosaurs, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, and infection control personnel: survival through translating science into prevention](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/2003/06/01/dinosaurs-methicillin-resistant-staphylococcus-aureus-and-infection-control-personnel-survival-through-translating-science-into-prevention/) - Abstract Jarvis WR, Ostrowsky B Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2003 Jun;24(6):392-6 PMID: 12828313
- [Prevalence of and risk factors for colonization with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus at the time of hospital admission](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/2003/06/01/prevalence-of-and-risk-factors-for-colonization-with-methicillin-resistant-staphylococcus-aureus-at-the-time-of-hospital-admission/) - Abstract OBJECTIVES: To determine the prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) colonization among patients presenting for hospital admission and to identify risk factors for MRSA colonization.DESIGN: Surveillance cultures were performed at the time of hospital admission to identify patients colonized with S. aureus. A case-control study was performed to identify risk factors for MRSA colonization.SETTING:
- [Prevalence of and risk factors for colonization with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in an outpatient clinic population](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/2003/06/01/prevalence-of-and-risk-factors-for-colonization-with-methicillin-resistant-staphylococcus-aureus-in-an-outpatient-clinic-population/) - Abstract OBJECTIVES: To determine the prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) colonization in an outpatient population and to identify risk factors for MRSA colonization.DESIGN: Surveillance cultures were performed during outpatient visits to identify S. aureus colonization. A case-control study was performed to identify risk factors for MRSA colonization.SETTING: Primary care internal medicine clinic.PATIENTS: Adults presenting
- [Epidemiology of bloodstream infections in a bacille Calmette-Guérin-vaccinated pediatric population in Malawi](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/2003/07/15/epidemiology-of-bloodstream-infections-in-a-bacille-calmette-guerin-vaccinated-pediatric-population-in-malawi/) - Abstract The risk of Mycobacterium bovis bloodstream infection (BSI) in bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG)-vaccinated children with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection remains uncharacterized. We studied pediatric inpatients during the 1998 dry season in Malawi. After a detailed clinical evaluation, blood was drawn for culture and HIV testing. Of 229 children, 128 (56%) were male, 35 (15.3%)
- [Multi-society guideline for reprocessing flexible gastrointestinal endoscopes. Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/2003/07/01/multi-society-guideline-for-reprocessing-flexible-gastrointestinal-endoscopes-society-for-healthcare-epidemiology-of-america/) - Abstract Flexible gastrointestinal endoscopy is a valuable diagnostic and therapeutic tool for the care of patients with gastrointestinal and pancreaticobiliary disorders. Compliance with accepted guidelines for the reprocessing of gastrointestinal endoscopes between patients is critical to the safety and success of their use. When these guidelines are followed, pathogen transmission can be effectively prevented. Increased
- [SHEA guideline for preventing nosocomial transmission of multidrug-resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/2003/09/01/shea-guideline-for-preventing-nosocomial-transmission-of-multidrug-resistant-strains-of-staphylococcus-aureus-and-enterococcus-2/) - Abstract LeDell K, Muto CA, Jarvis WR, Farr BM Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2003 Sep;24(9):639-41 PMID: 14510243
- [Antibiotic use for emergency department patients with acute diarrhea: Prescribing practices, patient expectations, and patient satisfaction](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/2003/12/01/antibiotic-use-for-emergency-department-patients-with-acute-diarrhea-prescribing-practices-patient-expectations-and-patient-satisfaction/) - Abstract STUDY OBJECTIVE: Physicians commonly prescribe antibiotics to meet patient expectations, even when antimicrobials are unnecessary. We evaluated factors emergency physicians consider in prescribing antibiotics to patients with diarrhea and examined patient expectations, physician-perceived patient expectations, and patient satisfaction.METHODS: Adults and children presenting with acute diarrhea to 1 of 10 academic emergency departments (EDs) were
- [Vascular catheters inserted in the trenches versus guideline documents: can the discrepancies be resolved?](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/2003/12/01/vascular-catheters-inserted-in-the-trenches-versus-guideline-documents-can-the-discrepancies-be-resolved/) - Abstract Sherertz RJ, Jarvis WR Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2003 Dec;24(12):887-9 PMID: 14700402
- [Improving water quality can reduce pyrogenic reactions associated with reuse of cardiac catheters](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/2003/12/01/improving-water-quality-can-reduce-pyrogenic-reactions-associated-with-reuse-of-cardiac-catheters/) - Abstract OBJECTIVE: To report the results of our preintervention investigation and subsequent 19-month three-phase intervention study designed to reduce pyrogenic reactions among patients undergoing cardiac catheterization using reprocessed catheters.DESIGN: A case-control study for the preintervention period and a prospective cohort study for the intervention period.SETTING: A 400-bed hospital in Belo Horizonte, Brazil.PARTICIPANTS: Any patient undergoing
- [Controlling antimicrobial-resistant pathogens](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/2004/05/01/controlling-antimicrobial-resistant-pathogens/) - Abstract Jarvis WR Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2004 May;25(5):369-72 PMID: 15188840
- [Emergence of vancomycin-resistant enterococci in San Francisco Bay area hospitals during 1994 to 1998](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/2004/05/01/emergence-of-vancomycin-resistant-enterococci-in-san-francisco-bay-area-hospitals-during-1994-to-1998/) - Abstract OBJECTIVE: To determine the magnitude of vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) in three counties in the San Francisco Bay area.DESIGN: Active laboratory-based surveillance for VRE from January 1995 through December 1996 and a laboratory-based and hospital-based questionnaire survey for 1993 to 1994 and 1997 to 1998.SETTING: All 33 general acute care hospitals in three counties in
- [Clostridium infections associated with musculoskeletal-tissue allografts](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/2004/06/17/clostridium-infections-associated-with-musculoskeletal-tissue-allografts/) - Abstract BACKGROUND: Allografts are commonly used in orthopedic reconstructive surgery. In 2001, approximately 875,000 musculoskeletal allografts were distributed by U.S. tissue banks. After the death from Clostridium sordellii sepsis of a 23-year-old man who had received a contaminated allograft from a tissue bank (Tissue Bank A), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention initiated an
- [HIV-1 and HCV infections among antibody-negative blood donors](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/2004/11/18/hiv-1-and-hcv-infections-among-antibody-negative-blood-donors/) - Abstract Kainer MA, Jarvis WR N. Engl. J. Med. 2004 Nov;351(21):2232-5; author reply 2232-5 PMID: 15559958
- [Improving influenza immunization rates among healthcare workers caring for high-risk pediatric patients](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/2004/11/01/improving-influenza-immunization-rates-among-healthcare-workers-caring-for-high-risk-pediatric-patients/) - Abstract OBJECTIVE: To assess influenza vaccination rates of healthcare workers (HCWs) in neonatal intensive care units (NICUs), pediatric intensive care units (PICUs), and oncology units in Pediatric Prevention Network (PPN) hospitals.PARTICIPANTS: Infection control practitioners and HCWs in NICUs, PICUs, and oncology units.METHODS: In November 2000, posters, electronic copies of a slide presentation, and an influenza
- [Comparison of routine glove use and contact-isolation precautions to prevent transmission of multidrug-resistant bacteria in a long-term care facility](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/2004/12/01/comparison-of-routine-glove-use-and-contact-isolation-precautions-to-prevent-transmission-of-multidrug-resistant-bacteria-in-a-long-term-care-facility/) - Abstract OBJECTIVES: To compare routine glove use by healthcare workers for all residents, without use of contact-isolation precautions, with contact-isolation precautions for the care of residents who had vancomycin-resistant enterococci or methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolated from a clinical culture.DESIGN: Random allocation of two similar sections of the skilled-care unit to one of the infection-control strategies
- [The state of the science of health care epidemiology, infection control, and patient safety, 2004](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/2004/12/01/the-state-of-the-science-of-health-care-epidemiology-infection-control-and-patient-safety-2004/) - Abstract Being aware and implementing the latest and best scientific evidence in infection control and health care epidemiology is critical to enhancing patient outcomes. In this review, the latest published scientific data in health care epidemiology and patient safety were reviewed for the period May 2003-May 2004. Medline reviews and reviews of infection control and
- [HICPAC/SHEA--conflicting guidelines: what is the standard of care?](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/2004/12/01/hicpacshea-conflicting-guidelines-what-is-the-standard-of-care/) - Abstract Jackson M, Jarvis WR, Scheckler WE Am J Infect Control 2004 Dec;32(8):504-11 PMID: 15573060
- [Saline-filled breast implant contamination with Curvularia species among women who underwent cosmetic breast augmentation](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/2005/07/01/saline-filled-breast-implant-contamination-with-curvularia-species-among-women-who-underwent-cosmetic-breast-augmentation/) - Abstract BACKGROUND: During December 2000-July 2001, black sediment was noted in saline-filled silicone breast implants of women who had undergone revision surgery at facility A. Curvularia fungus was isolated from implant saline.METHODS: To identify risk factors for contamination with Curvularia species, we performed case-control, retrospective cohort, and laboratory studies and conducted procedural reviews. A case
- [Neonatal sepsis in Egypt associated with bacterial contamination of glucose-containing intravenous fluids](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/2005/07/01/neonatal-sepsis-in-egypt-associated-with-bacterial-contamination-of-glucose-containing-intravenous-fluids/) - Abstract BACKGROUND: Rates of sepsis exceeding 50% in a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) in Cairo, Egypt, were not controlled by routine antimicrobial therapy. We investigated these conditions in September 2001.METHODS: Case series and retrospective cohort studies were conducted on 2 groups of NICU infants admitted to an academic medical center between February 12 and
- [Has methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus stopped spreading in intensive care units?](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/2005/07/15/has-methicillin-resistant-staphylococcus-aureus-stopped-spreading-in-intensive-care-units/) - Abstract Muto CA, Farr BM, Jarvis WR Clin. Infect. Dis. 2005 Jul;41(2):269-70; author reply 270-1 PMID: 15983929
- [Socioeconomic impact on device-associated infections in pediatric intensive care units of 16 limited-resource countries: international Nosocomial Infection Control Consortium findings](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/2012/07/01/socioeconomic-impact-on-device-associated-infections-in-pediatric-intensive-care-units-of-16-limited-resource-countries-international-nosocomial-infection-control-consortium-findings/) - Abstract OBJECTIVES: We report the results of the International Nosocomial Infection Control Consortium prospective surveillance study from January 2004 to December 2009 in 33 pediatric intensive care units of 16 countries and the impact of being in a private vs. public hospital and the income country level on device-associated health care-associated infection rates. Additionally, we
- [In vitro study assessing the antibacterial activity of three silver-impregnated/coated mechanical valve needleless connectors after blood exposure](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/2013/03/01/in-vitro-study-assessing-the-antibacterial-activity-of-three-silver-impregnatedcoated-mechanical-valve-needleless-connectors-after-blood-exposure/) - Abstract This in vitro study's purpose was to assess antibacterial activity of 3 different connectors: V-Link (Baxter, Deerfield, IL), Ultrasite Ag (B. Braun, Bethlehem, PA), and MaxGuard (CareFusion, Ontario, CA), impregnated with silver nanoparticles after blood exposure. All 3 silver-coated/impregnated connectors grew Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis. Log reduction of bacteria was not significant (range,
- [Targeted decolonization to prevent ICU infections](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/2013/10/10/targeted-decolonization-to-prevent-icu-infections/) - Abstract Jarvis WR N. Engl. J. Med. 2013 Oct;369(15):1469 PMID: 24106945
- [Comparison of central line-associated bloodstream infection rates when changing to a zero fluid displacement intravenous needleless connector in acute care settings](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/2014/02/01/comparison-of-central-line-associated-bloodstream-infection-rates-when-changing-to-a-zero-fluid-displacement-intravenous-needleless-connector-in-acute-care-settings/) - Abstract This was a multicenter, quasiexperimental, 140-month, acute care study comparing central line-associated bloodstream infection rates associated with positive or negative intravenous connectors to a zero fluid displacement connector. A decrease in central line-associated bloodstream infections was found after changing from either negative or positive intravenous connectors to the zero fluid displacement connector (P =
- [Multicenter cohort study to assess the impact of a silver-alloy and hydrogel-coated urinary catheter on symptomatic catheter-associated urinary tract infections](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/2014/09/01/multicenter-cohort-study-to-assess-the-impact-of-a-silver-alloy-and-hydrogel-coated-urinary-catheter-on-symptomatic-catheter-associated-urinary-tract-infections/) - Abstract PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of a silver-alloy hydrogel catheter on symptomatic catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTIs).DESIGN: Multicenter before-after non-randomized cohort study.SUBJECTS AND SETTING: Seven acute care hospitals ranging in size from 124 to 607 beds participated in this study. The study population included adult patients with a
- [Parainfluenza pneumonia in severe combined immunodeficiency disease](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1979/03/01/parainfluenza-pneumonia-in-severe-combined-immunodeficiency-disease/) - Abstract Jarvis WR, Middleton PJ, Gelfand EW J. Pediatr. 1979 Mar;94(3):423-5 PMID: 217980
- [Procedures for the removal of field residues of ethylenebis(dithiocarbamate) (EBDC) fungicide and ethylenethiourea (ETU) from tomatoes prior to processing into juice](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1979/07/01/procedures-for-the-removal-of-field-residues-of-ethylenebisdithiocarbamate-ebdc-fungicide-and-ethylenethiourea-etu-from-tomatoes-prior-to-processing-into-juice/) - Abstract Marshall WD, Jarvis WR J. Agric. Food Chem. 1979 Jul-Aug;27(4):766-9 PMID: 512233
- [Measles meningoencephalitis: an unusual presentation](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1979/07/01/measles-meningoencephalitis-an-unusual-presentation/) - Abstract Jarvis WR Am. J. Dis. Child. 1979 Jul;133(7):751-2 PMID: 463827
- [A study of beta hemolytic streptococcal pharyngitis in patients with infectious mononucleosis](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1980/07/01/a-study-of-beta-hemolytic-streptococcal-pharyngitis-in-patients-with-infectious-mononucleosis/) - Abstract Jarvis WR Clin Pediatr (Phila) 1980 Jul;19(7):463-7 PMID: 7379435
- [Pasteurella multocida. Osteomyelitis following dog bites](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1981/07/01/pasteurella-multocida-osteomyelitis-following-dog-bites/) - Abstract Two cases of Pasteurella multocida osteomyelitis occurred following dog bit injuries. Difficulties exist in diagnosis and treatment. The role of P Multocida and other dog mouth flora in the pathogenesis of infectious complications following dog bites is discussed. we urge a flexible antimicrobial approach based on culture results. Jarvis WR, Banko S, Snyder E,
- [Echovirus type 7 meningitis in young children](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1981/11/01/echovirus-type-7-meningitis-in-young-children/) - Abstract Clinical and virological features are presented of an epidemic of aseptic meningitis in children caused by echovirus type 7. The majority of patients were younger than 1 year of age. Symptoms varied according to age. The degree of CSF pleocytosis was inversely related to age and was significantly greater in infants 7 months of
- [Precautions for Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1982/05/01/precautions-for-creutzfeldt-jakob-disease/) - Abstract Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) is a rapidly progressive, fatal disease of the central nervous system. Premortem diagnosis may or may not be conclusive. Because the etiologic agent is virulent, definition of necessary precautions for medical staff associated with such patients is needed. Transmission of CJD in animals has been found to occur after inoculation with
- [Recommended precautions for patients with Legionnaires' Disease](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1982/09/01/recommended-precautions-for-patients-with-legionnaires-disease/) - Abstract As diagnostic techniques for the identification of Legionella species have become readily available, recognition of the pneumonic form of Legionellosis has increased. In particular, cases of hospital-acquired Legionella pneumophila are being identified and this has led to concern over possible person-to-person transmission. In most epidemiologic investigations where a source has been identified, water has
- [Nosocomial infection surveillance, 1980-1982](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1983/01/01/nosocomial-infection-surveillance-1980-1982/) - Abstract Hughes JM, Culver DH, White JW, Jarvis WR, Morgan WM, Munn VP, Mosser JL, Emori TG MMWR CDC Surveill Summ 1983;32(4):1SS-16SS PMID: 6427591
- [Significance of viral infections in severe combined immunodeficiency disease](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1983/05/01/significance-of-viral-infections-in-severe-combined-immunodeficiency-disease/) - Abstract An analysis of a prospective study of viral infections in 12 patients with severe combined immunodeficiency is presented. Infections of viral etiology were common, with pulmonary and gastrointestinal infections being most frequent. Fourteen of 25 infections (56%) were nonsocomially acquired and 10 of 25 (40%) were community-acquired. The period of symptomatology and the duration
- [Benzyl alcohol poisoning](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1983/05/01/benzyl-alcohol-poisoning/) - Abstract Jarvis WR, Hughes JM, Mosser JL, Allen JR, Haley RW Am. J. Dis. Child. 1983 May;137(5):505 PMID: 6846283
- [Polymicrobial bacteremia associated with lipid emulsion in a neonatal intensive care unit](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1983/05/01/polymicrobial-bacteremia-associated-with-lipid-emulsion-in-a-neonatal-intensive-care-unit/) - Abstract Polymicrobial bacteremia developed in 5 of 20 infants in a neonatal intensive care unit during a 48-hour period; 2 infants died. Klebsiella pneumoniae serotypes 21 and 24 and Enterobacter cloacae were isolated from four infants, and K. pneumoniae serotype 24 and E. cloacae were isolated from the other infant. Case-control studies revealed an association
- [Changing practices in the use of benzyl alcohol-preserved solutions in neonatal intensive care units in Georgia](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1983/10/01/changing-practices-in-the-use-of-benzyl-alcohol-preserved-solutions-in-neonatal-intensive-care-units-in-georgia/) - Abstract Jarvis WR, Sikes RK J Med Assoc Ga 1983 Oct;72(10):707-8 PMID: 6644194
- [Clostridium difficile and gastroenteritis: how strong is the association in children?](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1984/01/01/clostridium-difficile-and-gastroenteritis-how-strong-is-the-association-in-children/) - Abstract Jarvis WR, Feldman RA Pediatr Infect Dis 1984 Jan-Feb;3(1):4-6 PMID: 6701103
- [Nosocomial infection surveillance, 1983](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1984/01/01/nosocomial-infection-surveillance-1983/) - Abstract Jarvis WR, White JW, Munn VP, Mosser JL, Emori TG, Culver DH, Thornsberry C, Hughes JM MMWR CDC Surveill Summ 1984;33(2):9SS-21SS PMID: 6440003
- [Pseudomonas fluorescens bacteremia from blood transfusion](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1984/01/01/pseudomonas-fluorescens-bacteremia-from-blood-transfusion/) - Abstract In October 1980, two units of blood contaminated with Pseudomonas fluorescens caused septic transfusion reactions in two recipients at a Chicago hospital; one patient died. Both units had been purchased from the same blood center. Investigation at the blood center and at other hospitals it supplied revealed another fatal case of P. fluorescens sepsis
- [Bacterial growth and endotoxin production in lipid emulsion](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1984/01/01/bacterial-growth-and-endotoxin-production-in-lipid-emulsion/) - Abstract Klebsiella pneumoniae serotypes 21 and 24 and Enterobacter cloacae were responsible for an outbreak of polymicrobial bacteremia associated with the receipt of lipid emulsion. Since it is recommended that lipid emulsion be kept refrigerated between uses, we undertook a study to determine the growth characteristics of these organisms in lipid emulsion at 5 and
- [Clostridium difficile. Colonization and toxin production in a cohort of patients with malignant hematologic disorders](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1984/05/01/clostridium-difficile-colonization-and-toxin-production-in-a-cohort-of-patients-with-malignant-hematologic-disorders/) - Abstract We examined 45 (80%) of 56 consecutive adult patients with malignant hematologic disorders who were hospitalized during a 15-week period at Emory University Hospital, Atlanta. Stool samples for Clostridium difficile culture and cytotoxin assay were obtained on admission and then weekly during each patient's hospitalization. On admission, four patients had detectable C difficile in
- [The epidemiology of nosocomial infections caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1985/02/01/the-epidemiology-of-nosocomial-infections-caused-by-klebsiella-pneumoniae/) - Abstract Klebsiella pneumoniae causes serious epidemic and endemic nosocomial infections. We conducted a literature review to characterize the epidemiology of epidemic K. pneumoniae outbreaks. Eighty percent of the outbreaks (20/25) involved infections of the bloodstream or urinary tract. Person-to-person spread was the most common mode of transmission, and nearly 50% of the outbreaks occurred in
- [Klebsiella pneumoniae: selected virulence factors that contribute to pathogenicity](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1985/02/01/klebsiella-pneumoniae-selected-virulence-factors-that-contribute-to-pathogenicity/) - Abstract Klebsiella pneumoniae infections occur in humans of all ages, however the highest risk groups appear to be infants, the elderly and the immunocompromised. One or more virulence factors may contribute to pathogenicity in humans. In this article we review three factors that may mediate virulence: cell wall receptors, capsular polysaccharide, and endotoxin. First, the
- [Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus at children's hospitals in the United States](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1985/11/01/methicillin-resistant-staphylococcus-aureus-at-childrens-hospitals-in-the-united-states/) - Abstract Although methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has emerged as an important pathogen in hospitalized adults in the United States, reports of MRSA in pediatric patients have been infrequent. To determine the frequency at which MRSA is isolated from children, we surveyed the directors of microbiology at all acute care children's hospitals in the United States,
- [Nosocomial infection surveillance, 1984](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1986/01/01/nosocomial-infection-surveillance-1984/) - Abstract Horan TC, White JW, Jarvis WR, Emori TG, Culver DH, Munn VP, Thornsberry C, Olson DR, Hughes JM MMWR CDC Surveill Summ 1986;35(1):17SS-29SS PMID: 3086701
- [A cluster of late onset group B streptococcal infections in low birth weight premature infants: no evidence for horizontal transmission](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1986/11/01/a-cluster-of-late-onset-group-b-streptococcal-infections-in-low-birth-weight-premature-infants-no-evidence-for-horizontal-transmission/) - Abstract Weems JJ, Jarvis WR, Colman G Pediatr Infect Dis 1986 Nov-Dec;5(6):715-7 PMID: 3540890
- [Endotoxin production as a virulence factor in disease](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1987/01/01/endotoxin-production-as-a-virulence-factor-in-disease/) - Abstract Highsmith AK, Jarvis WR Prog. Clin. Biol. Res. 1987;231:387-403 PMID: 3588632
- [Laboratory proficiency test results on use of selective media for isolating Pseudomonas cepacia from simulated sputum specimens of patients with cystic fibrosis](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1987/03/01/laboratory-proficiency-test-results-on-use-of-selective-media-for-isolating-pseudomonas-cepacia-from-simulated-sputum-specimens-of-patients-with-cystic-fibrosis/) - Abstract Pseudomonas cepacia colonization of or infection in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) has been associated with increased morbidity and premature death. However, current data on national incidence may be biased because of interlaboratory differences in the methods of culturing sputa of patients with CF. We conducted three tests to evaluate the proficiency of microbiology
- [Colonization of the respiratory tract with Pseudomonas cepacia in cystic fibrosis. Risk factors and outcomes](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1987/04/01/colonization-of-the-respiratory-tract-with-pseudomonas-cepacia-in-cystic-fibrosis-risk-factors-and-outcomes/) - Abstract Between 1981 and 1983, some 85 patients with cystic fibrosis at Rainbow Babies and Childrens Hospital, Cleveland, developed colonization or infection of the respiratory tract with Pseudomonas cepacia. Twenty-nine (34 percent) of the colonized patients died; four were female patients with fulminant bacteremia with P cepacia prior to death. Case-control studies showed that increasing
- [Epidemiology of nosocomial infections in pediatric patients](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1987/04/01/epidemiology-of-nosocomial-infections-in-pediatric-patients/) - Abstract Jarvis WR Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 1987 Apr;6(4):344-51 PMID: 3588109
- [Mycobacterium chelonae wound infections after plastic surgery employing contaminated gentian violet skin-marking solution](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1987/07/23/mycobacterium-chelonae-wound-infections-after-plastic-surgery-employing-contaminated-gentian-violet-skin-marking-solution/) - Abstract From April 1 to October 31, 1985, postoperative surgical-wound infections due to rapidly growing mycobacteria developed in eight patients undergoing cosmetic plastic surgery performed by one surgeon. All infections followed either face-lift or augmentation-mammoplasty procedures performed in the surgeon's office; no infections occurred after surgical procedures performed at the hospital or after other surgical
- [The epidemiology of nosocomial Pseudomonas cepacia infections: endemic infections](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1987/09/01/the-epidemiology-of-nosocomial-pseudomonas-cepacia-infections-endemic-infections/) - Abstract Pseudomonas cepacia has recently emerged as an important nosocomial pathogen. We analyzed a national nosocomial infections database, the National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance (NNIS) system, to describe the epidemiology of endemic nosocomial P. cepacia infections. Between 1980 and 1985, the P. cepacia nosocomial infection rate was 2.4 per 100,000 patient discharges. During this period, there
- [The epidemiology of nosocomial epidemic Pseudomonas cepacia infections](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1987/09/01/the-epidemiology-of-nosocomial-epidemic-pseudomonas-cepacia-infections/) - Abstract Pseudomonas cepacia has occasionally been identified as an epidemic and endemic nosocomial pathogen. In outbreaks, usually one clinical site predominates but many may be involved. Detailed investigations have usually implicated a contaminated liquid reservoir or moist environmental surface as the source. Liquid sources have included a number of different classes of antiseptics and disinfectants
- [Current status of Pseudomonas cepacia typing systems](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1987/12/01/current-status-of-pseudomonas-cepacia-typing-systems/) - Abstract Pseudomonas cepacia is an important nosocomial pathogen for which measures of isolate relatedness are being developed. Typing systems based on 4 different strain characteristics have been proposed: serologic reactions, biochemical reactions, plasmid profiles, and bacteriocin production and susceptibility. Serology and bacteriocins distinguish many types, but the sensitivity and specificity of these techniques have not
- [The epidemiology of Pseudomonas cepacia in patients with cystic fibrosis](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1987/12/01/the-epidemiology-of-pseudomonas-cepacia-in-patients-with-cystic-fibrosis/) - Abstract Pseudomonas cepacia has emerged as an important nosocomial pathogen colonizing and infecting the respiratory tract of patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). Although assessment of outcomes associated with P. cepacia colonization has been difficult, controlled studies have shown that colonized patients experience more adverse outcomes compared with those not colonized. In the United States, an
- [CDC definitions for nosocomial infections, 1988](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1988/06/01/cdc-definitions-for-nosocomial-infections-1988-2/) - Abstract The Centers for Disease Control (CDC) has developed a new set of definitions for surveillance of nosocomial infections. The new definitions combine specific clinical findings with results of laboratory and other tests that include recent advances in diagnostic technology; they are formulated as algorithms. For certain infections in which the clinical or laboratory manifestations
- [Description of case-mix adjusters by the Severity of Illness Working Group of the Society of Hospital Epidemiologists of America (SHEA)](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1988/07/01/description-of-case-mix-adjusters-by-the-severity-of-illness-working-group-of-the-society-of-hospital-epidemiologists-of-america-shea/) - Abstract Hospitals, insurance companies, and federal and state governments are increasingly concerned about reducing patient cost expenditures while maintaining high quality patient care. One method of reducing expenditures has been to tie hospital reimbursement with a prospective payment system based on diagnosis-related groups (DRGs). However, reimbursement under the DRG system is not acceptable for all
- [Investigation of hemolytic anemia after chloramine exposure in a dialysis center](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1988/10/01/investigation-of-hemolytic-anemia-after-chloramine-exposure-in-a-dialysis-center/) - Abstract Tipple MA, Bland LA, Favero MS, Jarvis WR ASAIO Trans 1988 Oct-Dec;34(4):1060 PMID: 3219253
- [Comparative evaluation of selective media for isolation of Pseudomonas cepacia from cystic fibrosis patients and environmental sources](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1988/10/01/comparative-evaluation-of-selective-media-for-isolation-of-pseudomonas-cepacia-from-cystic-fibrosis-patients-and-environmental-sources/) - Abstract Pseudomonas cepacia has recently emerged as an important pathogen affecting cystic fibrosis (CF) patients. We evaluated three selective media to assess their comparative potential for identification of patients colonized with P. cepacia and for efficacy of detection of P. cepacia in environmental fluids. Test organisms included P. cepacia isolates from CF patients (10 each
- [Biotyping coagulase-negative staphylococci](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1988/10/01/biotyping-coagulase-negative-staphylococci/) - Abstract The biochemical profiles obtained with Staph-Ident (Analytab Products, Plainview, N.Y.) panels were combined with the results of adherence and synergistic hemolysis tests to define biotypes among 1,064 clinical isolates representing eight species of coagulase-negative staphylococci. The 672 isolates of Staphylococcus epidermidis were aligned in 69 of 144 potential biotypes in our scheme because of
- [Characteristics of coagulase-negative staphylococci that help differentiate these species and other members of the family Micrococcaceae](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1988/10/01/characteristics-of-coagulase-negative-staphylococci-that-help-differentiate-these-species-and-other-members-of-the-family-micrococcaceae/) - Abstract One hundred reference strains and 1,240 clinical isolates representing 26 species of the family Micrococcaceae were used to evaluate the potential of tests for synergistic hemolysis, adherence to glass, pyroglutamyl-beta-naphthylamide hydrolysis, and susceptibility to a set of five antimicrobial agents for differentiating these species and strains within the species. Sixty-eight percent of the clinical
- [Mycobacterium chelonae causing otitis media in an ear-nose-and-throat practice](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1988/10/13/mycobacterium-chelonae-causing-otitis-media-in-an-ear-nose-and-throat-practice/) - Abstract Seventeen cases of otitis media caused by Mycobacterium chelonae were detected among patients seen at a single ear-nose-and-throat (ENT) office (Office A) in Louisiana between May 5 and September 15, 1987. All the patients had a tympanotomy tube or tubes in place or had one or more tympanic-membrane perforations, with chronic otorrhea that was
- [Pyrogenic reactions associated with the reuse of disposable hollow-fiber hemodialyzers](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1988/10/14/pyrogenic-reactions-associated-with-the-reuse-of-disposable-hollow-fiber-hemodialyzers/) - Abstract We investigated 18 pyrogenic reactions (PRs) that occurred between July 1 and 13, 1987, in 16 patients receiving long-term hemodialysis at one dialysis center in Illinois. We defined a case of PR as the onset of chills or fever (oral temperature, greater than or equal to 37.8 degrees C) in a patient who was
- [Epidemic bloodstream infections associated with pressure transducers: a persistent problem](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1989/02/01/epidemic-bloodstream-infections-associated-with-pressure-transducers-a-persistent-problem/) - Abstract Twenty-four outbreaks of nosocomial bloodstream infection (BSI) were investigated by the Centers for Disease Control from Jan 1, 1977 to Dec 31, 1987. Intravascular pressure monitoring devices (transducers) were the most commonly identified source of bacterial and fungal BSI outbreaks and were implicated as the source of infection in eight (33%) outbreaks. These included
- [Cluster of Malassezia furfur pulmonary infections in infants in a neonatal intensive-care unit](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1989/06/01/cluster-of-malassezia-furfur-pulmonary-infections-in-infants-in-a-neonatal-intensive-care-unit/) - Abstract Between 23 and 27 July 1987, three infants at one hospital developed severe bronchopneumonia associated with respiratory failure, thrombocytopenia, and leukocytosis. Two infants died; at postmortem examination, Malassezia furfur was identified in their lung tissues. M. furfur was isolated from cultures of blood, urine, and stool samples from the infant who survived. All documented
- [Pseudomonas cepacia typing systems: collaborative study to assess their potential in epidemiologic investigations](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1989/07/01/pseudomonas-cepacia-typing-systems-collaborative-study-to-assess-their-potential-in-epidemiologic-investigations/) - Abstract To determine the utility of available Pseudomonas cepacia typing systems for confirming the relatedness of isolates, we applied these methods to isolates associated with previously investigated nosocomial outbreaks. We compared chromosome analysis, serologic reactions, biochemical tests, bacteriocin production and susceptibility, and antimicrobial susceptibility in their ability to determine outbreak relatedness. Chromosome analysis, serologic reactions,
- [Growth and endotoxin production of Yersinia enterocolitica and Enterobacter agglomerans in packed erythrocytes](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1989/07/01/growth-and-endotoxin-production-of-yersinia-enterocolitica-and-enterobacter-agglomerans-in-packed-erythrocytes/) - Abstract Since 1987, the Centers for Disease Control investigated six cases of transfusion-associated sepsis. All six patients developed septic shock after receiving units of packed erythrocytes (PRBCs) contaminated with Yersinia enterocolitica (five patients) and Enterobacter agglomerans (one patient); three of the blood recipients died. We studied the growth and endotoxin production of Y. enterocolitica and
- [Epidemic iatrogenic Acinetobacter spp. meningitis following administration of intrathecal methotrexate](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1989/10/01/epidemic-iatrogenic-acinetobacter-spp-meningitis-following-administration-of-intrathecal-methotrexate/) - Abstract We report the first outbreak of Acinetobacter species meningitis in a group of children with acute leukaemia following the administration of intrathecal chemotherapy. Eight of twenty patients receiving methotrexate injections on a single day developed signs and symptoms of meningitis within 18 h of treatment, and cases were clustered by time of administration. A
- [Epidemic of Serratia marcescens bacteremia in a cardiac intensive care unit](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1989/11/01/epidemic-of-serratia-marcescens-bacteremia-in-a-cardiac-intensive-care-unit/) - Abstract From 16 July through 27 September 1988, seven cases of nosocomial Serratia marcescens bacteremia occurred in a cardiac care unit. In all seven case patients, S. marcescens was isolated from blood cultures. Two of the seven had other microorganisms identified in the blood culture in which S. marcescens was recovered; one had Enterobacter cloacae,
- [Hemolysis associated with hydrogen peroxide at a pediatric dialysis center](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1990/01/01/hemolysis-associated-with-hydrogen-peroxide-at-a-pediatric-dialysis-center/) - Abstract Patients receiving hemodialysis therapy risk exposure to disinfectants used to reduce bacterial burdens in hemodialysis equipment and to reprocess hemodialyzers. From April 29 through May 9, 1988, 3 patients undergoing hemodialysis treatments at a single center were exposed to dialysis fluid that was inadvertently contaminated with hydrogen peroxide (HP). All patients showed a significant
- [Epidemic hypotension in a dialysis center caused by sodium azide](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1990/01/01/epidemic-hypotension-in-a-dialysis-center-caused-by-sodium-azide/) - Abstract The water used for dialysate (dialysis fluid) in hemodialysis centers is produced by water treatment systems (WTS), which require careful and frequent monitoring. On November 3, 1988, nine patients receiving hemodialysis treatments at a single dialysis center suddenly developed hypotension within 30 minutes of onset of dialysis. Eight patients exhibited symptoms and two experienced
- [Mycobacterium chelonae infection among patients receiving high-flux dialysis in a hemodialysis clinic in California](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1990/01/01/mycobacterium-chelonae-infection-among-patients-receiving-high-flux-dialysis-in-a-hemodialysis-clinic-in-california/) - Abstract Between July 1987 and January 1988, five patients dialyzed at a hemodialysis outpatient clinic developed systemic Mycobacterium chelonae abscessus (MCA) infections. Four of the five patients had arteriovenous graft infections, and two died during antimicrobial therapy. Case-patients were more likely than control-patients to have received high-flux dialysis during the 6 mo before their infection
- [Outbreak of gram-negative bacteremia and pyrogenic reactions in a hemodialysis center](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1990/01/01/outbreak-of-gram-negative-bacteremia-and-pyrogenic-reactions-in-a-hemodialysis-center/) - Abstract During the period from April 4, 1988, to April 20, 1988, nine pyrogenic reactions and five gram-negative bacteremias occurred in 11 patients undergoing dialysis. All pyrogenic reactions and gram-negative bacteremias occurred among patients in whom a reprocessed dialyzer was used. The rate of pyrogenic reactions or bacteremias per 100 sessions using a reprocessed dialyzer
- [Foodborne Snow Mountain agent gastroenteritis with secondary person-to-person spread in a retirement community](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1990/04/01/foodborne-snow-mountain-agent-gastroenteritis-with-secondary-person-to-person-spread-in-a-retirement-community/) - Abstract A variety of small round-structured viruses are being recognized with increasing frequency as a cause of gastroenteritis in the community, but have rarely been reported to cause outbreaks in hospitals or extended-care facilities. From March 20 through April 15, 1988, an outbreak of gastroenteritis occurred in a retirement facility in the San Francisco Bay
- [Risk factors for wound infections after total knee arthroplasty](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1990/05/01/risk-factors-for-wound-infections-after-total-knee-arthroplasty/) - Abstract Wound infections are an infrequent but serious complication of total knee arthroplasty. Between January 1984 and November 1987, 20 of 243 (8.2%) patients at two affiliated hospitals developed surgical wound infections following 259 total knee arthroplasty procedures performed in clean-air operating rooms. Eighteen (90%) of the patients had deep infections; nine required removal of
- [Comparison of species distribution and antimicrobial susceptibility of aerobic actinomycetes from clinical specimens](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1990/09/01/comparison-of-species-distribution-and-antimicrobial-susceptibility-of-aerobic-actinomycetes-from-clinical-specimens/) - Abstract To compare the species distribution and antimicrobial susceptibility of aerobic actinomycetes, we evaluated 366 isolates referred to the Centers for Disease Control from October 1985 through February 1988. We used conventional biochemical tests to identify the various species. Four species accounted for 191 (52%) of aerobic actinomycete isolates: Nocardia asteroides (98 isolates), Actinomadura madurae
- [Epidemic bacteremia due to Acinetobacter baumannii in five intensive care units](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1990/10/01/epidemic-bacteremia-due-to-acinetobacter-baumannii-in-five-intensive-care-units/) - Abstract From March 5, 1986 to September 4, 1987, Acinetobacter baumannii (AB) was isolated from blood or vascular catheter-tip cultures of 75 patients in five intensive care units at a hospital in New Jersey. To identify risk factors for AB bacteremia in the intensive care units, a case-control study was conducted. Characteristics of 72 case-patients
- [Mycobacterium gordonae pseudoinfection associated with a contaminated antimicrobial solution](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1990/12/01/mycobacterium-gordonae-pseudoinfection-associated-with-a-contaminated-antimicrobial-solution/) - Abstract At Yale-New Haven Hospital, 46 specimens submitted for mycobacterial culture during an 8-week period in 1989 were positive for Mycobacterium gordonae, a nontuberculous acid-fast bacterium (AFB) of low pathogenicity. The specimens were submitted from 34 patients who came from various inpatient and outpatient services. Four patients were begun on antimycobacterial therapy on the basis
- [A cluster of Rhodococcus (Gordona) Bronchialis sternal-wound infections after coronary-artery bypass surgery](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1991/01/10/a-cluster-of-rhodococcus-gordona-bronchialis-sternal-wound-infections-after-coronary-artery-bypass-surgery/) - Abstract Richet HM, Craven PC, Brown JM, Lasker BA, Cox CD, McNeil MM, Tice AD, Jarvis WR, Tablan OC N. Engl. J. Med. 1991 Jan;324(2):104-9 PMID: 1984175
- [National nosocomial infections surveillance system (NNIS): description of surveillance methods](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1991/02/01/national-nosocomial-infections-surveillance-system-nnis-description-of-surveillance-methods/) - Abstract The National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance System (NNIS) is an ongoing collaborative surveillance system sponsored by the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) to obtain national data on nosocomial infections. The CDC uses the data that are reported voluntarily by participating hospitals to estimate the magnitude of the nosocomial infection problem in the United States and
- [Risk factors for candidemia in patients with acute lymphocytic leukemia](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1991/03/01/risk-factors-for-candidemia-in-patients-with-acute-lymphocytic-leukemia/) - Abstract Between 1983 and 1987 the overall incidence of candidemia at the Institut Gustave Roussy, a tertiary care referral hospital for patients with cancer, increased from 0.1% (7 of 6,801) to 0.32% (24 of 7,515) (P = .009). Because acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) was the most common underlying disease in patients with candidemia, risk factors
- [Blood contacts during surgical procedures](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1991/03/27/blood-contacts-during-surgical-procedures/) - Abstract Operating room personnel are at risk for infection with blood-borne pathogens through blood contact. To describe the nature and frequency of blood contact and its risk factors, trained observers monitored a sample of operations performed by six surgical services at Grady Memorial Hospital, Atlanta, Ga, for 6 months. In 62 (30.1%) of 206 operations,
- [Economic impact of diagnosis-related groups and severity of illness on reimbursement for central nervous system infections](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1991/05/01/economic-impact-of-diagnosis-related-groups-and-severity-of-illness-on-reimbursement-for-central-nervous-system-infections/) - Abstract Because the federal government's diagnosis-related group (DRG) classification system for prospective payment has not been widely applied to hospitalized pediatric patients, we analyzed the effectiveness of one DRG category (central nervous system infections) for a single year at a medium-sized children's hospital to control for patients' severity of illness and for hospital reimbursement. Several
- [Prevalence and incidence of human immunodeficiency virus among patients undergoing long-term hemodialysis. The Cooperative Dialysis Study Group](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1991/05/01/prevalence-and-incidence-of-human-immunodeficiency-virus-among-patients-undergoing-long-term-hemodialysis-the-cooperative-dialysis-study-group/) - Abstract PURPOSE: The purpose of this voluntary multicenter study was to estimate the prevalence and incidence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and the risk of nosocomial transmission of HIV in hemodialysis patients in the United States.PATIENTS AND METHODS: In June 1986, we began collecting epidemiologic data, risk factor information, and serum for HIV antibody
- [Universal precautions and mortuary practitioners: influence on practices and risk of occupationally acquired infection](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1991/08/01/universal-precautions-and-mortuary-practitioners-influence-on-practices-and-risk-of-occupationally-acquired-infection/) - Abstract Embalming, the most common funeral practice in the United States, may expose the embalmer to infectious diseases and blood. We surveyed the 860 members of the National Selected Morticians in 1988 to estimate the incidence of self-reported occupational contact with blood and infectious disease, assess morticians' knowledge of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), determine their
- [Use of tap water and disinfection practices in outpatient settings. A survey of otolaryngologists](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1991/08/01/use-of-tap-water-and-disinfection-practices-in-outpatient-settings-a-survey-of-otolaryngologists/) - Abstract A survey of otolaryngologists belonging to the American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery was conducted to estimate the frequency of tap water use during otologic examinations and to assess methods used for disinfection of otologic instruments in outpatient settings. Questionnaires were returned by 516 persons residing in 49 states. Tap water was used
- [Microbial growth and endotoxin production in the intravenous anesthetic propofol](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1991/09/01/microbial-growth-and-endotoxin-production-in-the-intravenous-anesthetic-propofol/) - Abstract OBJECTIVE: In this study, we measured microbial growth and endotoxin production in the intravenous anesthetic propofol using 10 different microbial strains; 6 isolated from outbreak cases and 4 from laboratory stock cultures.DESIGN: In each trial, endotoxin-free glass tubes containing 10 ml propofol were inoculated with 10(0)-10(3) CFU/ml of the test organism and incubated at
- [Hepatitis A outbreak in a neonatal intensive care unit: risk factors for transmission and evidence of prolonged viral excretion among preterm infants](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1991/09/01/hepatitis-a-outbreak-in-a-neonatal-intensive-care-unit-risk-factors-for-transmission-and-evidence-of-prolonged-viral-excretion-among-preterm-infants/) - Abstract An outbreak of hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection in a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) provided the opportunity to examine the duration of HAV excretion in infants and the mechanisms by which HAV epidemics are propagated in NICUs. The outbreak affected 13 NICU infants (20%), 22 NICU nurses (24%), 8 other staff caring for
- [[CDC definitions for nosocomial infections 1988]](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1991/09/10/cdc-definitions-for-nosocomial-infections-1988/) - Abstract Garner JS, Jarvis WR, Emori TG, Horan TC, Hughes JM Z Arztl Fortbild (Jena) 1991 Sep;85(17):818-27 PMID: 1659046
- [Secular trends in nosocomial primary bloodstream infections in the United States, 1980-1989. National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance System](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1991/09/16/secular-trends-in-nosocomial-primary-bloodstream-infections-in-the-united-states-1980-1989-national-nosocomial-infections-surveillance-system/) - Abstract More than 25,000 primary bloodstream infections (BSIs) were identified by 124 National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance System hospitals performing hospital-wide surveillance during the 10-year period 1980-1989. These hospitals reported 6,729 hospital-months of data, during which time approximately 9 million patients were discharged. BSI rates by hospital stratum (based on bed size and teaching affiliation) and
- [Nosocomial infections in elderly patients in the United States, 1986-1990. National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance System](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1991/09/16/nosocomial-infections-in-elderly-patients-in-the-united-states-1986-1990-national-nosocomial-infections-surveillance-system/) - Abstract We analyzed 101,479 nosocomial infections in 75,398 adult patients (greater than 15 years) that were reported to the National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance (NNIS) system between 1986 and 1990 by 89 hospitals using the NNIS hospital-wide surveillance component. Overall, 54% of the infections occurred in elderly patients (greater than or equal to 65 years). In
- [Comparison of rates of nosocomial infections in neonatal intensive care units in the United States. National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance System](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1991/09/16/comparison-of-rates-of-nosocomial-infections-in-neonatal-intensive-care-units-in-the-united-states-national-nosocomial-infections-surveillance-system/) - Abstract To determine nosocomial infection (NI) rates among neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) that are useful for interhospital comparison, we analyzed data reported in 1986-1990 from 35 hospitals that have level III NICUs and used standard National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance protocols and NI site definitions. Overall rates of NI were calculated as the number of
- [Nosocomial infection rates in adult and pediatric intensive care units in the United States. National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance System](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1991/09/16/nosocomial-infection-rates-in-adult-and-pediatric-intensive-care-units-in-the-united-states-national-nosocomial-infections-surveillance-system/) - Abstract To determine which intensive care unit (ICU) infection rate may be best for interhospital and intrahospital comparisons and to assess the influence of invasive devices and type of ICU on infection rates, we analyzed data from the National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance System. From October 1986 to December 1990, 79 hospitals reported 2,334 hospital-months of
- [Serratia marcescens surgical wound infection following breast reconstruction](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1991/09/16/serratia-marcescens-surgical-wound-infection-following-breast-reconstruction/) - Abstract Surgical wound infections due to gram-negative bacilli have been rarely reported following breast implant surgery. From April to November 1989, four patients from one plastic surgeon's practice developed Serratia marcescens surgical wound infection (SWI) following breast reconstruction procedures with implantation of six expandable mammary implants. All six implants were removed for unabated S. marcescens
- [Analysis of risk factors for surgical wound infections following vascular surgery](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1991/09/16/analysis-of-risk-factors-for-surgical-wound-infections-following-vascular-surgery/) - Abstract Although surgical wound infections (SWI) following implantation of prosthetic devices can be catastrophic and often require removal of the prosthesis, few studies have identified risk factors for these infections. We conducted a prospective multicenter study to identify risk factors for SWI. Of 561 vascular surgery patients enrolled in the study, 23 (4.1%) developed SWI.
- [Surgical wound infection rates by wound class, operative procedure, and patient risk index. National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance System](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1991/09/16/surgical-wound-infection-rates-by-wound-class-operative-procedure-and-patient-risk-index-national-nosocomial-infections-surveillance-system/) - Abstract To perform a valid comparison of rates among surgeons, among hospitals, or across time, surgical wound infection (SWI) rates must account for the variation in patients' underlying severity of illness and other important risk factors. From January 1987 through December 1990, 44 National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance System hospitals reported data collected under the detailed
- [The National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance System: plans for the 1990s and beyond](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1991/09/16/the-national-nosocomial-infections-surveillance-system-plans-for-the-1990s-and-beyond/) - Abstract The National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance (NNIS) System is an ongoing collaborative surveillance system among the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) and United States hospitals to obtain national data on nosocomial infections. This system provides comparative data for hospitals and can be used to identify changes in infection sites, risk factors, and pathogens, and develop
- [Nosocomial outbreaks: the Centers for Disease Control's Hospital Infections Program experience, 1980-1990. Epidemiology Branch, Hospital Infections Program](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1991/09/16/nosocomial-outbreaks-the-centers-for-disease-controls-hospital-infections-program-experience-1980-1990-epidemiology-branch-hospital-infections-program/) - Abstract From January 1980 to July 1990, the Hospital Infections Program of the Centers for Disease Control conducted 125 on-site epidemiologic investigations of nosocomial outbreaks. Seventy-seven (62%) were caused by bacterial pathogens, 11 (9%) were caused by fungi, 10 (8%) were caused by viruses, five (4%) were caused by mycobacteria, and 22 (18%) were caused
- [Illness in hemodialysis patients after exposure to chloramine contaminated dialysate](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1991/10/01/illness-in-hemodialysis-patients-after-exposure-to-chloramine-contaminated-dialysate/) - Abstract In September 1987, patients at an outpatient dialysis center were exposed to chloramine contaminated dialysate when the carbon filter in a recently modified water treatment system failed. Forty-one patients required transfusion to treat the resultant hemolytic anemia. Epidemiologic investigation demonstrated that the mortality rate among dialysis center patients increased during the 5 months after
- [Aspergillus fumigatus sternal wound infections in patients undergoing open heart surgery](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1992/01/01/aspergillus-fumigatus-sternal-wound-infections-in-patients-undergoing-open-heart-surgery/) - Abstract During a 21-month period (July 1986-April 1988), six patients who underwent open heart surgery at Holston Valley Hospital and Medical Center in Kingsport, Tennessee, developed sternal would infections caused by Aspergillus fumigatus. All patients required sternectomy, reconstructive surgery, and long term amphotericin B therapy; no patient died. By univariate analysis, the following were significantly
- [Pyrogenic reactions in patients receiving conventional, high-efficiency, or high-flux hemodialysis treatments with bicarbonate dialysate containing high concentrations of bacteria and endotoxin](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1992/03/01/pyrogenic-reactions-in-patients-receiving-conventional-high-efficiency-or-high-flux-hemodialysis-treatments-with-bicarbonate-dialysate-containing-high-concentrations-of-bacteria-and-endotoxin/) - Abstract High-efficiency (HE) and high-flux (HF) hemodialysis are becoming increasingly popular methods for treating patients with chronic renal failure because they reduce the time required for dialysis treatment. HF and HE dialyzers require bicarbonate dialysate, often prepared from concentrates that can support bacterial growth with endotoxin production. There is a concern that endotoxins or bacteria
- [Yersinia enterocolitica: a new or unrecognized nosocomial pathogen?](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1992/03/01/yersinia-enterocolitica-a-new-or-unrecognized-nosocomial-pathogen/) - Abstract Jarvis WR Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1992 Mar;13(3):137-8 PMID: 1564309
- [Bacteriologic and endotoxin analysis of salvaged blood used in autologous transfusions during cardiac operations](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1992/03/01/bacteriologic-and-endotoxin-analysis-of-salvaged-blood-used-in-autologous-transfusions-during-cardiac-operations/) - Abstract Autologous blood transfusion is a common method of reducing the need for heterologous blood transfusion during cardiac operations. Recently we investigated an outbreak of severe, nonsurgical postoperative bleeding among patients undergoing heart operations and receiving intraoperative transfusion of blood from a cell conservation device (Cell Saver System, Haemonetics Corp., Braintree, Mass.). As a result
- [Predominant pathogens in hospital infections](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1992/04/01/predominant-pathogens-in-hospital-infections/) - Abstract To determine the distribution of pathogens causing nosocomial infections in United States hospitals, we analysed data from the National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance (NNIS) System. From October 1986 to December 1990, amongst hospitals conducting hospital-wide surveillance, the five most commonly reported pathogens were Escherichia coli (13.7%), Staphylococcus aureus (11.2%), enterococci (10.7%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (10.1%), and
- [Risk factors for epidemic Xanthomonas maltophilia infection/colonization in intensive care unit patients](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1992/04/01/risk-factors-for-epidemic-xanthomonas-maltophilia-infectioncolonization-in-intensive-care-unit-patients/) - Abstract OBJECTIVE: To determine risk factors for and modes of transmission of Xanthomonas maltophilia infection/colonization.DESIGN: Surveillance and cohort study.SETTING: A 470-bed tertiary trauma-referral community hospital.PATIENTS: From January 1, 1988 to March 17, 1989, 106 intensive care unit patients developed X maltophilia infection/colonization. We defined a case as any intensive care unit patient who, from July
- [Prevalence of serotypes of Xanthomonas maltophilia from world-wide sources](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1992/04/01/prevalence-of-serotypes-of-xanthomonas-maltophilia-from-world-wide-sources/) - Abstract Since its development in 1988, a serologic typing scheme for Xanthomonas maltophilia, based on 31 O antigens, has been successfully used to serotype isolates involved in nosocomial outbreaks in the United States. To determine if this serotyping scheme would be useful in typing X. maltophilia isolates from world-wide sources, we obtained additional isolates from
- [Outbreak of invasive group A streptococcal infections in a nursing home. Lessons on prevention and control](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1992/05/01/outbreak-of-invasive-group-a-streptococcal-infections-in-a-nursing-home-lessons-on-prevention-and-control/) - Abstract OBJECTIVE: Nine outbreaks of group A streptococcal (GAS) infections in nursing homes were reported to the Centers for Disease Control (Atlanta, Ga) during the past two winters. We conducted an intensive epidemiologic and laboratory investigation of one of these outbreaks to determine clinical characteristics, risk factors for transmission and infection, and methods of control
- [A cluster of severe postoperative bleeding following open heart surgery](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1992/05/01/a-cluster-of-severe-postoperative-bleeding-following-open-heart-surgery/) - Abstract OBJECTIVE: To investigate a cluster of postoperative bleeding following open heart surgery.DESIGN: A cohort and case/control study.SETTING: Palo Alto Veterans Administration Medical Center, Palo Alto, California.PARTICIPANTS: Six (21.4%) of 28 patients undergoing open heart surgery who developed severe, nonsurgical, postoperative bleeding from July 1 through August 30, 1988 (outbreak period). All case-patients had chest
- [Outbreak of pseudoinfection with Tsukamurella paurometabolum traced to laboratory contamination: efficacy of joint epidemiological and laboratory investigation](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1992/05/01/outbreak-of-pseudoinfection-with-tsukamurella-paurometabolum-traced-to-laboratory-contamination-efficacy-of-joint-epidemiological-and-laboratory-investigation/) - Abstract From January 1988 to May 1989, one hospital in South Carolina reported 12 isolates of Tsukamurella paurometabolum from 10 patients. There were no common risk factors among the patients. Case-control studies revealed that the positive specimens were significantly more likely to have been processed in the TB/fungal room, to have been tissue samples, and
- [Nosocomial transmission of tuberculosis in a hospital unit for HIV-infected patients](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1992/05/20/nosocomial-transmission-of-tuberculosis-in-a-hospital-unit-for-hiv-infected-patients/) - Abstract OBJECTIVE: To assess nosocomial transmission of tuberculosis (TB).DESIGN: A historical cohort study of hospitalized patients with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and a purified protein derivative (PPD) tuberculin skin test survey of health care workers (HCWs).SETTING: A large public teaching hospital in San Juan, Puerto Rico.PATIENTS: For the cohort study, a case patient was
- [Mannan antigenemia during invasive candidiasis caused by Candida tropicalis](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1992/06/01/mannan-antigenemia-during-invasive-candidiasis-caused-by-candida-tropicalis/) - Abstract McNeill MM, Gerber AR, McLaughlin DW, Vega RA, Winn K, Kaufmann L, Keyserling HL, Jarvis WR Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 1992 Jun;11(6):493-6 PMID: 1608689
- [Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1992/08/01/multidrug-resistant-tuberculosis/) - Abstract Dooley SW, Jarvis WR, Martone WJ, Snider DE Ann. Intern. Med. 1992 Aug;117(3):257-9 PMID: 1296597
- [Nosocomial transmission of multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis. A risk to patients and health care workers](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1992/08/01/nosocomial-transmission-of-multidrug-resistant-mycobacterium-tuberculosis-a-risk-to-patients-and-health-care-workers/) - Abstract OBJECTIVE: To determine the factors associated with the development of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis among patients at a New York City Hospital and to investigate possible nosocomial transmission.DESIGN: A retrospective case-control study and tuberculin skin test survey.PATIENTS: Twenty-three patients with tuberculosis whose isolates were resistant to at least isoniazid and rifampin (case patients) were compared with
- [Hospital outbreak of multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis infections. Factors in transmission to staff and HIV-infected patients](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1992/09/01/hospital-outbreak-of-multidrug-resistant-mycobacterium-tuberculosis-infections-factors-in-transmission-to-staff-and-hiv-infected-patients/) - Abstract OBJECTIVE: To describe transmission of multidrug-resistant (MDR) Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection among patients and health care workers (HCWs) in a ward and clinic for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients in a hospital, four studies were conducted.METHODS: Case patients and control patients were persons who had been treated in the HIV ward or clinic, whose clinical
- [Outbreak of surgical wound infections associated with total hip arthroplasty](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1992/09/01/outbreak-of-surgical-wound-infections-associated-with-total-hip-arthroplasty/) - Abstract OBJECTIVES: Describe an outbreak of surgical wound infections associated with total hip arthroplasty; identify risk factors for surgical wound infection during the pre-outbreak and outbreak periods.SETTING: A 100-bed hospital. From May 1 to September 30, 1988, 7 of 15 patients who underwent total hip arthroplasty developed surgical wound infections from Staphylococcus aureus (5), Enterobacter
- [Tuberculin skin testing of hospital employees during an outbreak of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1992/09/01/tuberculin-skin-testing-of-hospital-employees-during-an-outbreak-of-multidrug-resistant-tuberculosis-in-human-immunodeficiency-virus-hiv-infected-patients/) - Abstract Tokars JI, Jarvis WR, Edlin BR, Dooley SW, Grieco MH, Gilligan ME, Schneider N, Montonez M, Williams J Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1992 Sep;13(9):509-10 PMID: 1430996
- [Antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of common and unusual species of enterococci causing infections in the United States. Enterococcal Study Group](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1992/09/01/antimicrobial-susceptibility-patterns-of-common-and-unusual-species-of-enterococci-causing-infections-in-the-united-states-enterococcal-study-group/) - Abstract We collected 705 isolates of enterococci (1 per patient) from cultures of a variety of anatomic sites from patients at eight tertiary-care hospitals in six geographic regions of the United States. A total of 632 (90%) Enterococcus faecalis, 58 (8%) E. faecium, 5 E. gallinarum, 4 E. avium, 3 E. casseliflavus, 1 E. raffinosus,
- [A prospective study of pyrogenic reactions in hemodialysis patients using bicarbonate dialysis fluids filtered to remove bacteria and endotoxin](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1992/10/01/a-prospective-study-of-pyrogenic-reactions-in-hemodialysis-patients-using-bicarbonate-dialysis-fluids-filtered-to-remove-bacteria-and-endotoxin/) - Abstract Pyrogenic reactions (PR) are a well-recognized complication of hemodialysis and have been associated with dialyzer reuse, high-flux dialysis, and bicarbonate dialysate. However, the roles of bacteria and endotoxin in dialysate for producing PR are not well defined. To determine the effect of removing most bacteria and endotoxin from the dialysate on the incidence of
- [CDC definitions of nosocomial surgical site infections, 1992: a modification of CDC definitions of surgical wound infections](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1992/10/01/cdc-definitions-of-nosocomial-surgical-site-infections-1992-a-modification-of-cdc-definitions-of-surgical-wound-infections/) - Abstract Horan TC, Gaynes RP, Martone WJ, Jarvis WR, Emori TG Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1992 Oct;13(10):606-8 PMID: 1334988
- [CDC definitions of nosocomial surgical site infections, 1992: a modification of CDC definitions of surgical wound infections](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1992/10/01/cdc-definitions-of-nosocomial-surgical-site-infections-1992-a-modification-of-cdc-definitions-of-surgical-wound-infections-2/) - Abstract Horan TC, Gaynes RP, Martone WJ, Jarvis WR, Emori TG Am J Infect Control 1992 Oct;20(5):271-4 PMID: 1332552
- [Anaphylactoid reactions associated with reuse of hollow-fiber hemodialyzers and ACE inhibitors](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1992/11/01/anaphylactoid-reactions-associated-with-reuse-of-hollow-fiber-hemodialyzers-and-ace-inhibitors/) - Abstract From July 18 through November 27, 1989, 12 anaphylactoid reactions (ARs) occurred in 10 patients at a hemodialysis center in Virginia. One patient required hospitalization; no patients died. ARs occurred within minutes of initiating dialysis and were characterized by peripheral numbness and tingling, laryngeal edema or angioedema, facial or generalized sensation of warmth, and/or
- [Nosocomial infections in surgical patients in the United States, January 1986-June 1992. National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance (NNIS) System](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1993/02/01/nosocomial-infections-in-surgical-patients-in-the-united-states-january-1986-june-1992-national-nosocomial-infections-surveillance-nnis-system/) - Abstract OBJECTIVES: To describe the distribution of nosocomial infections among surgical patients by site of infection for different types of operations, and to show how the risk of certain adverse outcomes associated with nosocomial infection varied by site, type of operation, and exposure to specific medical devices.DESIGN: Surveillance of surgical patients during January 1986-June 1992
- [Nosocomial transmission of multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1993/02/01/nosocomial-transmission-of-multidrug-resistant-mycobacterium-tuberculosis-2/) - Abstract Jarvis WR Res. Microbiol. 1993 Feb;144(2):117-22 PMID: 8337468
- [Outbreak of Pseudomonas cepacia bacteremia in oncology patients](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1993/03/01/outbreak-of-pseudomonas-cepacia-bacteremia-in-oncology-patients/) - Abstract In 1991, an outbreak of Pseudomonas cepacia bacteremia (PCB) occurred among patients at an oncology clinic in Alabama. A case-patient was defined as any patient at Alabama Oncology Hematology Associates (AOHA) who had at least one blood culture positive for P. cepacia from 7 August through 31 October. Fourteen case-patients were identified; all required
- [Secular trends in the epidemiology of nosocomial fungal infections in the United States, 1980-1990. National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance System](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1993/05/01/secular-trends-in-the-epidemiology-of-nosocomial-fungal-infections-in-the-united-states-1980-1990-national-nosocomial-infections-surveillance-system/) - Abstract To identify pathogens causing nosocomial fungal infections and the secular trend in their incidence in US hospitals, data from the National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance System, 1980-1990, were analyzed. During that period, 30,477 fungal infections were reported. The rate rose from 2.0 to 3.8 infections/1000 discharges. The highest number of nosocomial fungal infections/1000 discharges was
- [Cluster of Enterobacter cloacae pseudobacteremias associated with use of an agar slant blood culturing system](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1993/10/01/cluster-of-enterobacter-cloacae-pseudobacteremias-associated-with-use-of-an-agar-slant-blood-culturing-system/) - Abstract From 1 February through 12 October 1990, 27 blood cultures processed at Shiprock Hospital were positive for Enterobacter cloacae; only 3 had been reported in the preceding 12 months. Twenty (74%) of the cultures were obtained from patients without clinical evidence of gram-negative septicemia. The increase in E. cloacae-positive blood cultures was temporally associated
- [Infectious diseases and mortality among US nursing home residents](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1993/12/01/infectious-diseases-and-mortality-among-us-nursing-home-residents/) - Abstract Data collected in the 1985 National Nursing Home Survey were analyzed to identify risk factors for infections and mortality and to explore their relationship in US nursing homes. An infection was recorded in 166,609 (14%) discharges. Risk of pneumonia was found to be higher among bedbound patients (54.5 vs 13.1 per 100 discharges); urinary
- [How common is latex allergy? A survey of children with myelodysplasia](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1994/01/01/how-common-is-latex-allergy-a-survey-of-children-with-myelodysplasia/) - Abstract To estimate the prevalence of latex allergy among children with myelodysplasia, describe the spectrum of associated clinical symptoms and evaluate potential risk factors for the development of latex sensitization, the authors conducted a survey at a regional spina bifida center. The findings suggest that symptomatic latex allergy is frequent among children with myelodysplasia and
- [Outbreak of pyrogenic reactions and gram-negative bacteremia in a hemodialysis center](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1994/01/01/outbreak-of-pyrogenic-reactions-and-gram-negative-bacteremia-in-a-hemodialysis-center/) - Abstract Six episodes of gram-negative bacteremia and seven pyrogenic reactions occurred in 11 patients in one hemodialysis center. Gram-negative bacteremias and/or pyrogenic reactions were not related to reuse and were more likely to occur if dialysis was performed in one unit of the center (8/13 unit 5 vs. 221/1,151 in other units, p < 0.001)
- [Epidemic Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea: role of second- and third-generation cephalosporins](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1994/02/01/epidemic-clostridium-difficile-associated-diarrhea-role-of-second-and-third-generation-cephalosporins/) - Abstract OBJECTIVE: To better define the role of multiple risk factors for cytotoxic Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea.DESIGN: Case-control study.SETTING: A Veterans Affairs Medical Center.PATIENTS: Thirty-three case patients with C difficile-associated diarrhea. Two control groups were used: one group consisted of 32 patients from the same ward as the case patients, and one group consisted of 34
- [Bacterial contamination of platelets at a university hospital: increased identification due to intensified surveillance](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1994/02/01/bacterial-contamination-of-platelets-at-a-university-hospital-increased-identification-due-to-intensified-surveillance/) - Abstract BACKGROUND: A cluster of bacterial contamination of platelets occurred at a university hospital in a one-month period. This unusual clustering allowed us to examine the likely mechanism of contamination and clinical sequelae.METHODS: We reviewed medical records of patients receiving random donor platelet transfusions to determine numbers of platelets transfused, reactions reported, and episodes of
- [Use of polymerase chain reaction for diagnosis of tuberculous meningitis](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1994/02/01/use-of-polymerase-chain-reaction-for-diagnosis-of-tuberculous-meningitis/) - Abstract Mancao MY, Nolte FS, Nahmias AJ, Jarvis WR Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 1994 Feb;13(2):154-6 PMID: 8190543
- [Nosocomial Malassezia pachydermatis bloodstream infections in a neonatal intensive care unit](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1994/02/01/nosocomial-malassezia-pachydermatis-bloodstream-infections-in-a-neonatal-intensive-care-unit/) - Abstract Malassezia pachydermatis, a lipophilic yeast, has been described to cause sporadic nosocomial bloodstream infections (BSI). Nosocomial outbreaks of M. pachydermatis BSI have never been described. A cluster of M. pachydermatis BSIs in the neonatal intensive care unit at Louisiana State University Medical Center, University Hospital provided the opportunity to investigate the epidemiology of this
- [Patient cytokine response in transfusion-associated sepsis](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1994/05/01/patient-cytokine-response-in-transfusion-associated-sepsis/) - Abstract Cytokine concentrations in plasma from patients transfused with packed erythrocytes contaminated with gram-negative bacilli were measured. Cytokine concentrations in posttransfusion plasma were significantly elevated. A difference in cytokine patterns between survivors and a nonsurvivor was observed. McAllister SK, Bland LA, Arduino MJ, Aguero SM, Wenger PN, Jarvis WR Infect. Immun. 1994 May;62(5):2126-8 PMID: 8168982
- [Investigation of an epidemic of invasive aspergillosis: utility of molecular typing with the use of random amplified polymorphic DNA probes](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1994/05/01/investigation-of-an-epidemic-of-invasive-aspergillosis-utility-of-molecular-typing-with-the-use-of-random-amplified-polymorphic-dna-probes/) - Abstract When seven immunocompromised patients developed invasive aspergillosis during construction at a hospital, new methods were performed to compare fungal isolates and a case-control study was conducted to determine risks for infection. Typing of Aspergillus flavus with the use of restriction endonuclease analysis and restriction fragment length polymorphism using random amplified polymorphic DNA reactions to
- [Acquisition of Pseudomonas cepacia at summer camps for patients with cystic fibrosis. Summer Camp Study Group](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1994/05/01/acquisition-of-pseudomonas-cepacia-at-summer-camps-for-patients-with-cystic-fibrosis-summer-camp-study-group/) - Abstract To assess the risk of acquisition of Pseudomonas cepacia by person-to-person transmission at cystic fibrosis summer camps, we conducted in 1990 a study at three camps attended by patients with cystic fibrosis who had P. cepacia infection and patients without P. cepacia infection but who were considered susceptible to infection. We obtained sputum or
- [4-Methyl-7,11-heptadecadienal and 4-methyl-7,11-heptadecadienoic acid: new antibiotics from Sporothrix flocculosa and Sporothrix rugulosa](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1994/06/01/4-methyl-711-heptadecadienal-and-4-methyl-711-heptadecadienoic-acid-new-antibiotics-from-sporothrix-flocculosa-and-sporothrix-rugulosa/) - Abstract 4-Methyl-7,11-heptadecadienal [1] and 4-methyl-7,11-heptadecadienoic acid [2] were isolated as new compounds from liquid cultures of Sporothrix flocculosa and Sporothrix rugulosa. Compounds 1 and 2 inhibited the growth of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycospersici, Trichoderma viride, and Bacillus subtilis. Choudhury SR, Traquair JA, Jarvis WR J. Nat. Prod. 1994 Jun;57(6):700-4 PMID: 7931361
- [Usefulness of molecular epidemiology for outbreak investigations](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1994/07/01/usefulness-of-molecular-epidemiology-for-outbreak-investigations/) - Abstract We conducted a retrospective review of nosocomial outbreak investigations conducted by the Hospital Infections Program, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, from January 1991 through March 1994. Selected outbreaks have demonstrated the utility of molecular methods such as plasmid analysis, plasmid restriction endonuclease analysis, ribotyping, restriction fragment polymorphism, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, and polymerase chain
- [Infectious diseases and death among nursing home residents: results of surveillance in 13 nursing homes](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1994/07/01/infectious-diseases-and-death-among-nursing-home-residents-results-of-surveillance-in-13-nursing-homes/) - Abstract An increasing proportion of the U.S. population resides in nursing homes (NHs). No surveillance system exists for infections in these facilities. To determine the incidence and types of infections in NH residents, and to identify predictors of death among residents with infections, we initiated a surveillance system at 13 NHs in California during a
- [Possible nosocomial transmission of Pseudomonas cepacia in patients with cystic fibrosis](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1994/08/01/possible-nosocomial-transmission-of-pseudomonas-cepacia-in-patients-with-cystic-fibrosis/) - Abstract OBJECTIVE: To determine whether nosocomial transmission of Pseudomonas cepacia occurred at a hospital with endemic P cepacia infection of patients with cystic fibrosis.DESIGN: Two retrospective case-control studies.SETTING: A large pediatric cystic fibrosis center.PARTICIPANTS: To assess risk factors for acquisition of P cepacia, 18 cases, defined as any patient with cystic fibrosis with first documented
- [Latex sensitivity among perioperative nurses](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1994/11/01/latex-sensitivity-among-perioperative-nurses/) - Abstract To estimate the prevalence, risk factors, and clinical spectrum of adverse reactions to natural rubber latex-containing products among a national sample of perioperative nurses, the investigators administered a self-reporting questionnaire to a convenience sample of 2,200 members of the Association of Operating Room Nurses, Inc. Of the 1,738 nurses who responded, 369 (21%) reported
- [Handwashing--the Semmelweis lesson forgotten?](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1994/11/12/handwashing-the-semmelweis-lesson-forgotten/) - Abstract Jarvis WR Lancet 1994 Nov;344(8933):1311-2 PMID: 7968023
- [An outbreak of gram-negative bloodstream infections in chronic hemodialysis patients](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1995/01/01/an-outbreak-of-gram-negative-bloodstream-infections-in-chronic-hemodialysis-patients/) - Abstract Six chronic hemodialysis patients acquired bloodstream infections (BSIs) with Klebsiella pneumoniae of the same serotype and similar plasmid profile during an 11-day period. The 6 case-patients were more likely than noncase-patients to have received dialysis during the fourth shift (p < 0.05) and to have their dialyzers reprocessed for reuse after those of the
- [Efficacy of control measures in preventing nosocomial transmission of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis to patients and health care workers](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1995/01/15/efficacy-of-control-measures-in-preventing-nosocomial-transmission-of-multidrug-resistant-tuberculosis-to-patients-and-health-care-workers/) - Abstract OBJECTIVE: To assess the efficacy of control measures in decreasing nosocomial transmission of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis.DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study.SETTING: A teaching hospital in New York City.POPULATION: 40 patients hospitalized with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (case-patients) and health care workers receiving tuberculin skin testing.INTERVENTIONS: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) 1990 guidelines for preventing transmission of tuberculosis,
- [Respirators, recommendations, and regulations: the controversy surrounding protection of health care workers from tuberculosis](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1995/01/15/respirators-recommendations-and-regulations-the-controversy-surrounding-protection-of-health-care-workers-from-tuberculosis/) - Abstract Recent nosocomial outbreaks of tuberculosis have increased concern about the occupational acquisition of tuberculosis by health care workers. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Department of Health and Human Services, and the Occupational Safety and Health Administration, Department of Labor, have issued recommendations and regulations in an effort to decrease health care
- [Control of nosocomial transmission of multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis among healthcare workers and HIV-infected patients](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1995/01/28/control-of-nosocomial-transmission-of-multidrug-resistant-mycobacterium-tuberculosis-among-healthcare-workers-and-hiv-infected-patients/) - Abstract From 1988 to 1990, an outbreak of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) among patients, and an increased number of tuberculin-skin-test conversions among healthcare workers, occurred on the HIV ward of Jackson Memorial Hospital, Miami, Florida, USA. Measures similar to those subsequently recommended in the 1990 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention guidelines were implemented on the
- [Epidemic nosocomial pneumonia in the intensive care unit](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1995/03/01/epidemic-nosocomial-pneumonia-in-the-intensive-care-unit/) - Abstract The changing and expanding spectrum of pathogens associated with nosocomial pneumonia (NP) will require modification in our approach to both endemic and epidemic NP in the ICU. Knowledge of specific pathogens, modes of transmission, and sources or reservoirs of epidemic NP is crucial to the recognition, control, and prevention of these infections in ICU
- [SHEA-CDC TB survey, Part II: Efficacy of TB infection control programs at member hospitals, 1992. Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1995/03/01/shea-cdc-tb-survey-part-ii-efficacy-of-tb-infection-control-programs-at-member-hospitals-1992-society-for-healthcare-epidemiology-of-america/) - Abstract OBJECTIVE: To assess the efficacy of current Mycobacterium tuberculosis control measures.DESIGN: Voluntary questionnaire to members of the Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America.RESULTS: Healthcare worker (HCW) tuberculin skin-test (TST) conversion rates were significantly higher in larger hospitals (> or = 437 beds) (0.9% versus 0.6%; P < 0.05), or in hospitals reporting > or
- [SHEA-CDC TB survey, Part I: Status of TB infection control programs at member hospitals, 1989-1992. Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1995/03/01/shea-cdc-tb-survey-part-i-status-of-tb-infection-control-programs-at-member-hospitals-1989-1992-society-for-healthcare-epidemiology-of-america/) - Abstract OBJECTIVE: To determine trends in Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in healthcare workers, tuberculosis (TB) control measures, and compliance with the 1990 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) guideline for preventing transmission of TB in healthcare facilities.DESIGN: Voluntary questionnaire sent to all members of the Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America, representing 359 hospitals.RESULTS: Respondents'
- [Nosocomial transmission of multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1995/04/01/nosocomial-transmission-of-multidrug-resistant-mycobacterium-tuberculosis/) - Abstract Jarvis WR Am J Infect Control 1995 Apr;23(2):146-51 PMID: 7639400
- [An outbreak of pyrogenic reactions in chronic hemodialysis patients associated with hemodialyzer reuse](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1995/04/01/an-outbreak-of-pyrogenic-reactions-in-chronic-hemodialysis-patients-associated-with-hemodialyzer-reuse/) - Abstract In February 1992, 22 patients undergoing chronic hemodialysis at an outpatient dialysis center experienced pyrogenic reactions (PR). The PR rate was significantly greater (p < 0.001) during the epidemic (February 3-5) than the pre-epidemic period (November 1, 1992-February 1, 1992). All patients with PR used dialyzers that had been manually reprocessed either on February
- [Tuberculosis in health care workers at a hospital with an outbreak of multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1995/04/24/tuberculosis-in-health-care-workers-at-a-hospital-with-an-outbreak-of-multidrug-resistant-mycobacterium-tuberculosis/) - Abstract OBJECTIVE: Investigate reports of tuberculosis in health care workers employed at a hospital with an outbreak of multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis.DESIGN: Case series of tuberculosis in health care workers, January 1, 1989, through May 31, 1992. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing and restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of M tuberculosis isolates. Longitudinal analysis of cumulative tuberculin skin
- [Magnetic phase diagram, static properties, and relaxation of the insulating spin glass CoCl2](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1995/06/01/magnetic-phase-diagram-static-properties-and-relaxation-of-the-insulating-spin-glass-cocl2/) - Abstract DeFotis GC, Coffey GA, Cinquina CC, Chandarlapaty S, Brubaker WW, Krovich DJ, Chamberlain RV, Jarvis WR Phys. Rev., B Condens. Matter 1995 Jun;51(21):15113-15124 PMID: 9978465
- [Reducing the spread of antimicrobial-resistant microorganisms. Control of vancomycin-resistant enterococci](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1995/06/01/reducing-the-spread-of-antimicrobial-resistant-microorganisms-control-of-vancomycin-resistant-enterococci/) - Abstract Strategies to reduce the spread of hospital-acquired microorganisms resistant to multiple antimicrobial agents are discussed. Because hospitals have experienced a rapid increase in the incidence of infection and colonization with vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) in the past 5 years, the Hospital Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has
- [Epidemiology of nosocomial fungal infections, with emphasis on Candida species](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1995/06/01/epidemiology-of-nosocomial-fungal-infections-with-emphasis-on-candida-species/) - Abstract Currently, about 180 hospitals participate in the National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance (NNIS) system. From January 1980 through April 1990, 27,200 fungal isolates causing nosocomial infections were reported from these hospitals; Candida species accounted for 19,621 (72.1%) of these isolates. Immunocompromised patients are at particularly high risk for candidemia. In patients with acute lymphocytic leukemia,
- [Bloodstream infections associated with a needleless intravenous infusion system in patients receiving home infusion therapy](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1995/06/21/bloodstream-infections-associated-with-a-needleless-intravenous-infusion-system-in-patients-receiving-home-infusion-therapy/) - Abstract OBJECTIVE: To determine risk factors for bloodstream infections (BSIs) in an outbreak among patients receiving home intravenous infusion therapy.DESIGN: Case-control and retrospective cohort studies.SETTING: Home health agency.PATIENTS: Patients receiving home intravenous infusion therapy from Rhode Island Home Therapeutics (RIHT) from January through December 1993.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Development of primary BSI.METHODS: We compared patients with
- [Epidemic aluminum intoxication in hemodialysis patients traced to use of an aluminum pump](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1995/08/01/epidemic-aluminum-intoxication-in-hemodialysis-patients-traced-to-use-of-an-aluminum-pump/) - Abstract This study was designed to identify the source, risk factors, and clinical consequences of an outbreak of aluminum intoxication in hemodialysis patients using case-control and cohort studies. In 1991, a dialysis center in Pennsylvania [Dialysis Center A (DCA)] identified a number of patients with elevated serum aluminum levels. All patients receiving dialysis at DCA
- [Tuberculosis infection-control practices in United States emergency departments](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1995/09/01/tuberculosis-infection-control-practices-in-united-states-emergency-departments/) - Abstract STUDY OBJECTIVE: To determine the frequency with which patients with suspected tuberculosis (TB) or TB risk factors present to US emergency departments and to describe current ED TB infection-control facilities and practices.DESIGN: Mailed survey of a sample of EDs in US acute care facilities.PARTICIPANTS: A random sample (n = 446) of subjects who responded
- [Nosocomial outbreak of Candida albicans sternal wound infections following cardiac surgery traced to a scrub nurse](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1995/09/01/nosocomial-outbreak-of-candida-albicans-sternal-wound-infections-following-cardiac-surgery-traced-to-a-scrub-nurse/) - Abstract From August 1988 through October 1989, 15 patients at 1 hospital developed Candida albicans sternal wound infections after cardiac surgery. An investigation found that case-patients were more likely than cardiac surgery patients without sternal wound infections to have surgeries lasting > 165 min (11/15 vs. 20/45; odds ratio [OR], 5.0; 95% confidence interval [CI],
- [Epidemiology and mortality risk of vancomycin-resistant enterococcal bloodstream infections](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1995/10/01/epidemiology-and-mortality-risk-of-vancomycin-resistant-enterococcal-bloodstream-infections/) - Abstract Risk factors for vancomycin-resistant enterococcal (VRE) bloodstream infection (BSI) were studied at a tertiary-care hospital by comparing 46 patients with VRE-BSI with 46 randomly selected patients with vancomycin-susceptible enterococcal (VSE) BSI. Among patients with an enterococcal BSI, risk factors for mortality were determined. Independent risk factors for VRE-BSI were increasing APACHE II score (odds
- [Nosocomial transmission of Mycobacterium tuberculosis: role of health care workers in outbreak propagation](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1995/12/01/nosocomial-transmission-of-mycobacterium-tuberculosis-role-of-health-care-workers-in-outbreak-propagation/) - Abstract To investigate an outbreak of tuberculosis (TB) among health care workers (HCWs) at a county hospital, all patients with culture-confirmed TB on wards A and B and all HCWs working at least one shift on these wards from January 1991 through March 1992 were studied. Tuberculin skin test conversions occurred in 30% (ward A)
- [Nosocomial infections in pediatric patients](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1996/01/01/nosocomial-infections-in-pediatric-patients/) - Abstract Jarvis WR, Robles B Adv Pediatr Infect Dis 1996;12:243-95 PMID: 9033981
- [The epidemiology of colonization](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1996/01/01/the-epidemiology-of-colonization/) - Abstract Colonization is the presence of a microorganism in or on a host, with growth and multiplication but without any overt clinical expression or detected immune response in the host at the time it is isolated. Normal colonization in humans begins during the birth process and through subsequent contacts with the inanimate or animate environments
- [Acremonium kiliense endophthalmitis that occurred after cataract extraction in an ambulatory surgical center and was traced to an environmental reservoir](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1996/02/01/acremonium-kiliense-endophthalmitis-that-occurred-after-cataract-extraction-in-an-ambulatory-surgical-center-and-was-traced-to-an-environmental-reservoir/) - Abstract During October and November 1993, four patients contracted Acremonium kiliense endophthalmitis at one ambulatory surgical center. We hypothesized that the source was environmental and conducted a matched case-control study, environmental evaluation, and observational studies. Case and control patients were similar in clinical characteristics. However, case patients all had surgery on the first operative day
- [U.S. hospital mycobacteriology laboratories: status and comparison with state public health department laboratories](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1996/03/01/u-s-hospital-mycobacteriology-laboratories-status-and-comparison-with-state-public-health-department-laboratories/) - Abstract In response to the resurgence of tuberculosis, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommended the use of certain mycobacteriology laboratory methods to improve the accuracy of diagnosis and/or minimize times to complete specimen processing. A study to determine the extent to which these recommended methods were being used in hospital laboratories was needed.
- [The role of understaffing in central venous catheter-associated bloodstream infections](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1996/03/01/the-role-of-understaffing-in-central-venous-catheter-associated-bloodstream-infections/) - Abstract OBJECTIVE: To determine risk factors for central venous catheter-associated bloodstream infections (CVC-BSI) during a protracted outbreak.DESIGN: Case-control and cohort studies of surgical intensive care unit (SICU) patients.SETTING: A university-affiliated Veterans Affairs medical center.PATIENTS: Case-control study: all patients who developed a CVC-BSI during the outbreak period (January 1992 through September 1993) and randomly selected controls.
- [Ochrobactrum anthropi meningitis in pediatric pericardial allograft transplant recipients](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1996/03/01/ochrobactrum-anthropi-meningitis-in-pediatric-pericardial-allograft-transplant-recipients/) - Abstract An epidemiologic investigation was done after 3 patients contracted Ochrobactrum anthropi meningitis at one hospital in October 1994. Neurosurgical patients with pericardial tissue implants were at greater risk of infection than other neurosurgical patients (3/14 vs. 0/566; P
- [Gram-negative bacteremia in open-heart-surgery patients traced to probable tap-water contamination of pressure-monitoring equipment](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1996/05/01/gram-negative-bacteremia-in-open-heart-surgery-patients-traced-to-probable-tap-water-contamination-of-pressure-monitoring-equipment/) - Abstract OBJECTIVE: To determine the cause(s) of an outbreak of gram-negative bacteremia (GNB) in open-heart-surgery (OHS) patients at hospital A.DESIGN: Case-control and cohort studies and an environmental survey.RESULTS: Nine patients developed GNB with Enterobacter cloacae (6), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (5), Klebsiella pneumoniae (3), Serratia marcescens (2), or Klebsiella oxytoca (1) following OHS; five of nine patients
- [Prevention of nosocomial bloodstream infections: a national and international priority](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1996/05/01/prevention-of-nosocomial-bloodstream-infections-a-national-and-international-priority/) - Abstract Jarvis WR, Cookson ST, Robles MB Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1996 May;17(5):272-5 PMID: 8727614
- [Risk factors for ventilator-associated pneumonia in surgical intensive-care-unit patients](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1996/06/01/risk-factors-for-ventilator-associated-pneumonia-in-surgical-intensive-care-unit-patients/) - Abstract Patients admitted during the study period to the Sharp Memorial Hospital intensive-care units who required mechanical ventilation were followed prospectively; 15 (10.4%) of 145 acquired ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP). Duration of prior oral or nasal intubation and H2 receptor antagonists use were longer among patients who developed VAP than among those who did not. Prior
- [Bloodstream infections with vancomycin-resistant enterococci](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1996/07/01/bloodstream-infections-with-vancomycin-resistant-enterococci/) - Abstract OBJECTIVES: To describe the population in whom bloodstream infections with vancomycin-resistant enterococci occur and the clinical and microbiologic features of infection.METHODS: From June 1, 1991, to January 31, 1994, 73 patients with bloodstream infections with vancomycin-resistant enterococci were identified by retrospective review of hospital charts and microbiology records.RESULTS: Fifty-two (73%) of 71 patients with
- [Selected aspects of the socioeconomic impact of nosocomial infections: morbidity, mortality, cost, and prevention](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1996/08/01/selected-aspects-of-the-socioeconomic-impact-of-nosocomial-infections-morbidity-mortality-cost-and-prevention/) - Abstract Approximately 2 million nosocomial infections occur annually in the United States. These infections result in substantial morbidity, mortality, and cost. The excess duration of hospitalization secondary to nosocomial infections has been estimated to be 1 to 4 days for urinary tract infections, 7 to 8.2 days for surgical site infections, 7 to 21 days
- [Preventing the emergence of multidrug-resistant microorganisms through antimicrobial use controls: the complexity of the problem](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1996/08/01/preventing-the-emergence-of-multidrug-resistant-microorganisms-through-antimicrobial-use-controls-the-complexity-of-the-problem/) - Abstract Widespread use of antimicrobials in the inpatient and outpatient setting has been associated with the emergence of multidrug-resistant microorganisms. A variety of methods exist to improve the appropriateness of antimicrobial use in the inpatient setting, including guidelines, antimicrobial use evaluations, micribiology laboratory guidance, formulary development and antimicrobial restriction, use of antimicrobial order or automatic
- [Status of tuberculosis infection control programs at United States hospitals, 1989 to 1992. APIC. Association for Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1996/08/01/status-of-tuberculosis-infection-control-programs-at-united-states-hospitals-1989-to-1992-apic-association-for-professionals-in-infection-control-and-epidemiology/) - Abstract BACKGROUND: Recent nosocomial outbreaks have raised concern about the risk of Mycobacterium tuberculosis transmission in United States hospitals.METHODS: To determine current tuberculosis (TB) infection control practices, we surveyed a sample of approximately 3000 acute care facilities about the number of patients with drug-susceptible or multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB), health care worker (HCW) tuberculin skin test
- [Nosocomial infections among neonates in high-risk nurseries in the United States. National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance System](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1996/09/01/nosocomial-infections-among-neonates-in-high-risk-nurseries-in-the-united-states-national-nosocomial-infections-surveillance-system/) - Abstract BACKGROUND: Nosocomial infections result in considerable morbidity and mortality among neonates in high-risk nurseries (HRNs).PURPOSE: To examine the epidemiology of nosocomial infections among neonates in level III HRNs.METHODS: Data were collected from 99 hospitals with HRNs participating in the National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance system, which uses standard surveillance protocols and nosocomial infection site definitions.
- [Epidemiology of nosocomial fungal infections](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1996/10/01/epidemiology-of-nosocomial-fungal-infections/) - Abstract This paper briefly reviews the current knowledge of the epidemiology and modes of transmission of nosocomial fungal infections and some of the therapeutic options for treating these diseases. In the mid-1980s, many institutions reported that fungi were common pathogens in nosocomial infections. Most, if not all, hospitals care for patients at risk for nosocomial
- [Nosocomial Burkholderia cepacia outbreaks and pseudo-outbreaks](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1996/11/01/nosocomial-burkholderia-cepacia-outbreaks-and-pseudo-outbreaks/) - Abstract Mangram A, Jarvis WR Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1996 Nov;17(11):718-20 PMID: 8934237
- [The expanding role of healthcare epidemiology--home and long-term care](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1996/11/01/the-expanding-role-of-healthcare-epidemiology-home-and-long-term-care/) - Abstract Garrett DO, Jarvis WR Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1996 Nov;17(11):714-7 PMID: 8934236
- [Candida parapsilosis bloodstream infections in neonatal intensive care unit patients: epidemiologic and laboratory confirmation of a common source outbreak](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1996/11/01/candida-parapsilosis-bloodstream-infections-in-neonatal-intensive-care-unit-patients-epidemiologic-and-laboratory-confirmation-of-a-common-source-outbreak/) - Abstract BACKGROUND: Candida parapsilosis is a common cause of sporadic and epidemic infections in neonatal intensive care units (NICUs). When a cluster of C. parapsilosis bloodstream infections occurred in NICU patients in a hospital in Louisiana, it provided us with the opportunity to conduct an epidemiologic investigation and to apply newly developed molecular typing techniques.METHODS:
- [Bloodstream infections in home infusion patients: the influence of race and needleless intravascular access devices](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1996/11/01/bloodstream-infections-in-home-infusion-patients-the-influence-of-race-and-needleless-intravascular-access-devices/) - Abstract OBJECTIVES: To determine the cause of increased central venous catheter-associated (CVC) bloodstream infection (BSI) rates in a cohort of pediatric hematology /oncology patients receiving home health care (HHC).METHODS: A retrospective cohort study of hematology/oncology patients with CVCs receiving HHC from January 1992 through November 1994.RESULTS: Of 182 patients with CVCs identified during the study
- [Pseudo-outbreak of Enterococcus durans infections and colonization associated with introduction of an automated identification system software update](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1996/11/01/pseudo-outbreak-of-enterococcus-durans-infections-and-colonization-associated-with-introduction-of-an-automated-identification-system-software-update/) - Abstract Enterococci are an important cause of hospital-acquired infections. Since 1989, there has been an increase in the number of nosocomial enterococcal infections caused by strains resistant to vancomycin in the United States. Although many enterococcal species can colonize humans, only Enterococcus faecalis, E. faecium, E. raffinosus, and E. casseliflavus have been implicated in clusters
- [Outbreak investigations](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1997/02/01/outbreak-investigations/) - Abstract Epidemic nosocomial infections are defined as hospital-acquired infections that represent an increase in incidence over expected rates. Epidemic-associated infections usually are clustered temporally or geographically, suggesting that the infections are from a common source or are secondary to increased person-to-person transmission. Epidemics are important, because they account for a substantial percentage of nosocomial infections.
- [Tracing patients exposed to health care workers with tuberculosis](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1997/03/01/tracing-patients-exposed-to-health-care-workers-with-tuberculosis/) - Abstract OBJECTIVES: Following an outbreak of tuberculosis (TB) among health care workers at a public hospital, the study was undertaken to (a) locate all exposed patients and administer tuberculin skin tests (TSTs) to them, (b) provide clinical treatment or prophylaxis to infected patients, and (c) ascertain the risk of M. tuberculosis transmission from health care
- [Postoperative Serratia marcescens wound infections traced to an out-of-hospital source](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1997/04/01/postoperative-serratia-marcescens-wound-infections-traced-to-an-out-of-hospital-source/) - Abstract From 25 August to 28 September 1994, 7 cardiovascular surgery (CVS) patients at a California hospital acquired postoperative Serratia marcescens infections, and 1 died. To identify the outbreak source, a cohort study was done of all 55 adults who underwent CVS at the hospital during the outbreak. Specimens from the hospital environment and from
- [Community-acquired bacteremia in Zimbabwe and the global cost of contaminated blood cultures](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1997/05/01/community-acquired-bacteremia-in-zimbabwe-and-the-global-cost-of-contaminated-blood-cultures/) - Abstract McDonald LC, Jarvis WR Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 1997 May;16(5):537-8 PMID: 9154561
- [Epidemiology of vancomycin usage at a children's hospital, 1993 through 1995](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1997/05/01/epidemiology-of-vancomycin-usage-at-a-childrens-hospital-1993-through-1995/) - Abstract OBJECTIVE: To describe the epidemiology of vancomycin usage at a children's hospital.METHODS: A cohort study of patients at Egleston Children's Hospital who were charged for the receipt of vancomycin from October, 1992, through October, 1995, was performed. Data were obtained from pharmacy charge records in the hospital's medical records information system.RESULTS: During the study
- [Status of tuberculosis infection control programs at Texas hospitals, 1989 through 1991](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1997/06/01/status-of-tuberculosis-infection-control-programs-at-texas-hospitals-1989-through-1991/) - Abstract BACKGROUND: Paralleling the resurgence of tuberculosis (TB) in the United States, the reported number of persons with TB in Texas increased by 33% during 1985 through 1992, the third largest rise among all the states. This increase prompted us to survey hospitals in Texas to determine their degree of compliance with recommendations in the
- [Detecting pediatric nosocomial infections: how do infection control and quality assurance personnel compare?](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1997/06/01/detecting-pediatric-nosocomial-infections-how-do-infection-control-and-quality-assurance-personnel-compare/) - Abstract OBJECTIVE: To compare how well infection control (IC) and quality assurance (QA) personnel in a specialty setting identify the presence, type (nosocomial or community-acquired), and (if nosocomial) site of infection.METHODS: In 1994, we mailed a survey that included 21 pediatric case histories to IC and QA personnel in pediatric settings in the United States
- [Prevention of nosocomial transmission of Mycobacterium tuberculosis](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1997/06/01/prevention-of-nosocomial-transmission-of-mycobacterium-tuberculosis/) - Abstract The recent resurgence of TB together with the ongoing HIV epidemic has resulted in a larger number of infectious TB patients being admitted to US health care facilities. These patients have become a source for both nosocomial (patient-to-patient) and occupational (patient-to-health care worker) M. tuberculosis transmission. Infectious MDR-TB patients serve as even greater potential
- [Vancomycin-resistant enterococci outside the health-care setting: prevalence, sources, and public health implications](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1997/07/01/vancomycin-resistant-enterococci-outside-the-health-care-setting-prevalence-sources-and-public-health-implications/) - Abstract Although nosocomial acquisition and subsequent colonization of vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE), an emerging international threat to public health, has been emphasized in the United States, colonization among nonhospitalized persons has been infrequently documented. In contrast, in Europe, colonization appears to occur frequently in persons outside the health-care setting. An important factor associated with VRE in
- [Changing epidemiology of nosocomial infections in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1997/08/01/changing-epidemiology-of-nosocomial-infections-in-human-immunodeficiency-virus-infected-patients/) - Abstract Kuehnert MJ, Jarvis WR Clin. Infect. Dis. 1997 Aug;25(2):321-3 PMID: 9332533
- [The cost of selected tuberculosis control measures at hospitals with a history of Mycobacterium tuberculosis outbreaks](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1997/08/01/the-cost-of-selected-tuberculosis-control-measures-at-hospitals-with-a-history-of-mycobacterium-tuberculosis-outbreaks/) - Abstract OBJECTIVE: To determine the cost of nonrespirator-related tuberculosis (TB) control measures at several hospitals, following publication of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)'s revised TB infection control guidelines.DESIGN: Infection control (IC) and TB coordinators obtained cost information on tuberculin skin-test (TST) programs, addition of IC and employee health service (EHS) personnel, and
- [Staphylococcus aureus bloodstream infections among patients undergoing electroconvulsive therapy traced to breaks in infection control and possible extrinsic contamination by propofol](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1997/08/01/staphylococcus-aureus-bloodstream-infections-among-patients-undergoing-electroconvulsive-therapy-traced-to-breaks-in-infection-control-and-possible-extrinsic-contamination-by-propofol/) - Abstract Infectious complications associated with electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) are extremely unusual. When five of nine patients undergoing ECT at one facility on June 20, 1996 developed Staphylococcus aureus bloodstream infection (BSI), an investigation was initiated. A retrospective cohort study, a procedure review, and observational and microbiologic studies were performed. A case was defined as any
- [Pseudo-outbreak of septicemia due to rapidly growing mycobacteria associated with extrinsic contamination of culture supplement](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1997/08/01/pseudo-outbreak-of-septicemia-due-to-rapidly-growing-mycobacteria-associated-with-extrinsic-contamination-of-culture-supplement/) - Abstract Between April and December 1994, 23 blood cultures from human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients grew rapidly growing mycobacteria suspected to be Mycobacterium chelonae at a hospital in New Jersey. The isolates were later identified as M. abscessus. Several bacterial species, including M. abscessus, were cultured from an opened multidose supplement vial (BBL Septi-Chek AFB Supplement)
- [Platelet transfusion reaction due to Yersinia enterocolitica](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1997/08/20/platelet-transfusion-reaction-due-to-yersinia-enterocolitica/) - Abstract Kuehnert MJ, Jarvis WR, Schaffer DA, Chaffin DJ JAMA 1997 Aug;278(7):550 PMID: 9268274
- [Pyrogenic reactions in patients undergoing cardiac catheterization associated with contaminated glass medicine cups](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1997/09/01/pyrogenic-reactions-in-patients-undergoing-cardiac-catheterization-associated-with-contaminated-glass-medicine-cups/) - Abstract Pyrogenic reactions are potentially life-threatening complications caused by bacterial endotoxin. After two cardiac catheterization patients developed rigors the same day, the procedures were halted and a case control study was conducted. To identify case patients (persons with rigors < or = 3 hr after catheterization during September 25-November 9, 1995), we reviewed medical records
- [Study to determine the ability of clinical laboratories to detect antimicrobial-resistant Enterococcus spp. in Buenos Aires, Argentina](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1997/10/01/study-to-determine-the-ability-of-clinical-laboratories-to-detect-antimicrobial-resistant-enterococcus-spp-in-buenos-aires-argentina/) - Abstract Few reports of vancomycin-resistant enterococci have appeared outside the USA. Therefore, we evaluated the ability of five laboratories in Buenos Aires, Argentina, to perform susceptibility testing using the disk diffusion method. Laboratories had difficulty identifying the low- and intermediate-level vancomycin-resistant phenotypes. This suggests that the disk diffusion method used by laboratories abroad may fail
- [A semiquantitative analysis of the fecal flora of patients with vancomycin-resistant enterococci: colonized patients pose an infection control risk](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1997/10/01/a-semiquantitative-analysis-of-the-fecal-flora-of-patients-with-vancomycin-resistant-enterococci-colonized-patients-pose-an-infection-control-risk/) - Abstract Montecalvo MA, Shay DK, Gedris C, Petrullo C, Uman J, Rodney K, Jarvis WR, Wormser GP Clin. Infect. Dis. 1997 Oct;25(4):929-30 PMID: 9356817
- [Serratia marcescens outbreak associated with extrinsic contamination of 1% chlorxylenol soap](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1997/10/01/serratia-marcescens-outbreak-associated-with-extrinsic-contamination-of-1-chlorxylenol-soap/) - Abstract OBJECTIVES: To determine risk factors for Serratia marcescens infection or colonization, and to identify the source of the pathogen and factors facilitating its persistence in a neonatal intensive-care unit (NICU) during an outbreak.DESIGN: Retrospective case-control study; review of NICU infection control policies, soap use, and handwashing practices among healthcare workers (HCWs); and selected environmental
- [Evaluation of the acceptability of a needleless vascular-access system by nurses](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1997/10/01/evaluation-of-the-acceptability-of-a-needleless-vascular-access-system-by-nurses/) - Abstract BACKGROUND: Needleless intravenous-access devices have been introduced in an effort to reduce needlestick injuries and possible transmission of blood-borne pathogens to health care workers. However, there are no data on the acceptance of these devices by nursing personnel.METHODS: A survey of nursing personnel was taken at Indiana University Medical Center after introduction of a
- [Secular trends in bloodstream infection caused by antimicrobial-resistant bacteria in New Jersey hospitals, 1991 to 1995](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1997/10/01/secular-trends-in-bloodstream-infection-caused-by-antimicrobial-resistant-bacteria-in-new-jersey-hospitals-1991-to-1995/) - Abstract INTRODUCTION: Antimicrobial resistance among bacteria is an increasing public health problem. In 1991, New Jersey was the first state to establish statewide, hospital-based surveillance for antimicrobial-resistant bacteria.METHODS: Each month, all 96 nonfederal New Jersey hospital laboratories complete a form listing the species identity and drug susceptibility results for selected antimicrobial-resistant bacteria isolated from blood
- [Patient density, nurse-to-patient ratio and nosocomial infection risk in a pediatric cardiac intensive care unit](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1997/11/01/patient-density-nurse-to-patient-ratio-and-nosocomial-infection-risk-in-a-pediatric-cardiac-intensive-care-unit/) - Abstract BACKGROUND: An investigation of a Serratia marcescens outbreak in a pediatric cardiac intensive care unit (CICU) suggested that understaffing or overcrowding might have been underlying risk factors.OBJECTIVE: To assess the effect of fluctuations in CICU nurse staffing levels and patient census on CICU nosocomial infection rate (NIR).METHODS: The monthly CICU nursing hours, patient days
- [Respiratory distress and sudden death associated with receipt of a peripheral parenteral nutrition admixture](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1997/12/01/respiratory-distress-and-sudden-death-associated-with-receipt-of-a-peripheral-parenteral-nutrition-admixture/) - Abstract OBJECTIVE: To detect respiratory adverse reactions potentially related to receipt of peripheral parenteral nutrition (PPN) in hospitalized patients and to determine risk factors for their occurrence.DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study.SETTING: Federal tertiary-care hospital.PATIENTS: Medical and pharmacy records of all patients who received PPN from October 1992 to February 1994 were abstracted for demographics, diagnoses, medications
- [A cluster of bloodstream infections and pyrogenic reactions among hemodialysis patients traced to dialysis machine waste-handling option units](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1998/01/01/a-cluster-of-bloodstream-infections-and-pyrogenic-reactions-among-hemodialysis-patients-traced-to-dialysis-machine-waste-handling-option-units/) - Abstract From June 17 through November 15, 1995, ten episodes of Enterobacter cloacae bloodstream infection and three pyrogenic reactions occurred in patients at a hospital-based hemodialysis center. In a case-control study limited to events occurring during October 1-31, 1995, seven dialysis sessions resulting in E. cloacae bacteremia or pyrogenic reaction without bacteremia were compared with
- [Use of an estimation method to derive an appropriate denominator to calculate central venous catheter-associated bloodstream infection rates](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1998/01/01/use-of-an-estimation-method-to-derive-an-appropriate-denominator-to-calculate-central-venous-catheter-associated-bloodstream-infection-rates/) - Abstract An outbreak investigation was conducted to determine if an increase in bloodstream infections (BSIs) in patients with central venous catheters (CVC) had occurred. Because other methods of obtaining CVC days were not feasible, we used an estimation method based on a random 5% sample of medical records to determine the proportion of days that
- [Increased bloodstream infection rates in surgical patients associated with variation from recommended use and care following implementation of a needleless device](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1998/01/01/increased-bloodstream-infection-rates-in-surgical-patients-associated-with-variation-from-recommended-use-and-care-following-implementation-of-a-needleless-device/) - Abstract OBJECTIVE: To determine if an apparent increase in bloodstream infections (BSIs) in patients with central venous catheters (CVCs) was associated with the implementation of a needleless access device.DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study using a derived CVC-days factor for estimating appropriate denominator data.SETTING: A 350-bed urban, acute, tertiary-care hospital.METHODS: BSI surveillance data were obtained, and high-risk
- [Epidemiology of nosocomial fungal infection in the 1990s](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1998/03/01/epidemiology-of-nosocomial-fungal-infection-in-the-1990s/) - Abstract Trick WE, Jarvis WR Rev Iberoam Micol 1998 Mar;15(1):2-6 PMID: 17655394
- [An epidemic of Malassezia pachydermatis in an intensive care nursery associated with colonization of health care workers' pet dogs](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1998/03/12/an-epidemic-of-malassezia-pachydermatis-in-an-intensive-care-nursery-associated-with-colonization-of-health-care-workers-pet-dogs/) - Abstract BACKGROUND: Malassezia species are lipophilic yeasts that are emerging as nosocomial pathogens, particularly in low-birth-weight neonates who receive lipid emulsions. When a cluster of patients with Malassezia pachydermatis infection was identified in an intensive care nursery, we initiated an investigation.METHODS: A case patient was defined as any infant in the intensive care nursery who
- [Liver failure and death after exposure to microcystins at a hemodialysis center in Brazil](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1998/03/26/liver-failure-and-death-after-exposure-to-microcystins-at-a-hemodialysis-center-in-brazil/) - Abstract BACKGROUND: Hemodialysis is a common but potentially hazardous procedure. From February 17 to 20, 1996, 116 of 130 patients (89 percent) at a dialysis center (dialysis center A) in Caruaru, Brazil, had visual disturbances, nausea, and vomiting associated with hemodialysis. By March 24, 26 of the patients had died of acute liver failure.METHODS: A
- [Risk factors for early recurrent Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1998/04/01/risk-factors-for-early-recurrent-clostridium-difficile-associated-diarrhea/) - Abstract Recurrence is a common sequela of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (CDD) and may increase morbidity, costs, and treatment-related antimicrobial resistance. Because recurrent CDD (RCDD) frequently occurs very soon after an initial episode, our goal was to determine the risk factors for early RCDD (occurring < or = 45 days after the initial episode). We conducted
- [Xenotransplantation: Is the future upon us?](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1998/05/01/xenotransplantation-is-the-future-upon-us/) - Abstract Pearson ML, Jarvis WR, Folks TM, Chapman LE Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1998 May;19(5):305-7 PMID: 9613689
- [Epidemiology, appropriateness, and cost of vancomycin use](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1998/05/01/epidemiology-appropriateness-and-cost-of-vancomycin-use/) - Abstract Pharmaceutical costs, which approach $40 billion annually, account for about 8% of health care costs. Prescription drugs represent 5% to 20% of the total hospital budget, and antimicrobials account for 20% to 50% of hospital pharmaceutical costs. At one university hospital, the percentage of patients receiving antimicrobials increased from 31.8% in 1988 to 53.1%
- [Nonperinatal nosocomial transmission of Candida albicans in a neonatal intensive care unit: prospective study](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1998/05/01/nonperinatal-nosocomial-transmission-of-candida-albicans-in-a-neonatal-intensive-care-unit-prospective-study/) - Abstract Nosocomial Candida albicans infections have become a major cause of morbidity and mortality in neonates in neonatal intensive care units (NICUs). To determine the possible modes of acquisition of C. albicans in hospitalized neonates, we conducted a prospective study at Grady Memorial Hospital, Atlanta, Ga. Clinical samples for fungal surveillance cultures were obtained at
- [Disco fever: epidemic meningococcal disease in northeastern Argentina associated with disco patronage](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1998/07/01/disco-fever-epidemic-meningococcal-disease-in-northeastern-argentina-associated-with-disco-patronage/) - Abstract Neisseria meningitidis is a leading cause of adult meningitis worldwide. From 5 to 14 August 1996, 8 cases of meningococcal disease occurred in Corrientes city (population 306,000) in northeastern Argentina. Those infected ranged in age from 15 to 45 years (median, 18.5). To determine risk factors for infection, a case-control study was done. Infecting
- [Are US hospitals making progress in implementing guidelines for prevention of Mycobacterium tuberculosis transmission?](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1998/07/13/are-us-hospitals-making-progress-in-implementing-guidelines-for-prevention-of-mycobacterium-tuberculosis-transmission/) - Abstract BACKGROUND: Outbreaks of tuberculosis (TB) in hospitals have occurred when the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) guideline recommendations for preventing the transmission of Mycobacterium tuberculosis were not fully implemented.OBJECTIVE: To determine whether US hospitals are making progress in implementing the CDC guidelines for preventing TB.METHODS: In 1992, we surveyed all public (city,
- [Bacteria and safety of the blood supply](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1998/07/15/bacteria-and-safety-of-the-blood-supply/) - Abstract Kuehnert MJ, Jarvis WR Ann. Intern. Med. 1998 Jul;129(2):164-5 PMID: 9669985
- [Outbreak of Acinetobacter spp. bloodstream infections in a nursery associated with contaminated aerosols and air conditioners](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1998/08/01/outbreak-of-acinetobacter-spp-bloodstream-infections-in-a-nursery-associated-with-contaminated-aerosols-and-air-conditioners/) - Abstract BACKGROUND: Acinetobacter spp. are multidrug-resistant bacteria that grow well in water and cause infections with unexplained, increased summer prevalence. In August, 1996, eight infants acquired Acinetobacter spp. bloodstream infection (A-BSI) while in a nursery in the Bahamas; three infants died and an investigation was initiated.METHODS: A case patient was defined as any newborn in
- [Linking antimicrobial use to nosocomial infections: the role of a combined laboratory-epidemiology approach](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1998/08/01/linking-antimicrobial-use-to-nosocomial-infections-the-role-of-a-combined-laboratory-epidemiology-approach/) - Abstract McDonald LC, Jarvis WR Ann. Intern. Med. 1998 Aug;129(3):245-7 PMID: 9696734
- [Klebsiella pneumoniae bloodstream infections in neonates in a hospital in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1998/09/01/klebsiella-pneumoniae-bloodstream-infections-in-neonates-in-a-hospital-in-the-kingdom-of-saudi-arabia/) - Abstract OBJECTIVE: To identify risk factors for Klebsiella pneumoniae bloodstream infections (BSI) in neonates in a hospital in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA).DESIGN: Two case-control studies among hospitalized neonates during February 15-May 14, 1991, and a procedural and microbiological investigation.SETTING: Hospital A, a maternity and children's hospital in KSA.PATIENTS: Case patients had a blood
- [The costs of healthcare worker respiratory protection and fit-testing programs](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1998/09/01/the-costs-of-healthcare-worker-respiratory-protection-and-fit-testing-programs/) - Abstract OBJECTIVE: We studied hospital costs associated with healthcare worker (HCW) respiratory protection and respirator fit-testing programs recommended by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and mandated by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration to decrease nosocomial or occupational Mycobacterium tuberculosis (TB).DESIGN: The number and cost of high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA)-filter and dust-mist
- [Line-associated bloodstream infections in pediatric intensive-care-unit patients associated with a needleless device and intermittent intravenous therapy](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1998/10/01/line-associated-bloodstream-infections-in-pediatric-intensive-care-unit-patients-associated-with-a-needleless-device-and-intermittent-intravenous-therapy/) - Abstract OBJECTIVES: To determine risk factors for an increase in line-associated bloodstream infections (BSIs) in three pediatric intensive-care units at one hospital that recently had changed brands of needleless access device.DESIGN: Retrospective case-control studies; review of the units' infection control policies and procedures for accessing and replacing components of needleless access devices.SETTING: A community tertiary-care
- [Candida albicans endocarditis associated with a contaminated aortic valve allograft: implications for regulation of allograft processing](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1998/10/01/candida-albicans-endocarditis-associated-with-a-contaminated-aortic-valve-allograft-implications-for-regulation-of-allograft-processing/) - Abstract A patient developed Candida albicans endocarditis and fungemia after undergoing aortic valve replacement with an allograft. The allograft had been found during tissue bank processing to be contaminated with C. albicans, but it was culture-negative for C. albicans after routine disinfection with an antifungal-containing antimicrobial solution. Comparison of the preimplantation and postimplantation C. albicans
- [Risk of infectious disease transmission from a common communion cup](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1998/10/01/risk-of-infectious-disease-transmission-from-a-common-communion-cup/) - Abstract Manangan LP, Sehulster LM, Chiarello L, Simonds DN, Jarvis WR Am J Infect Control 1998 Oct;26(5):538-9 PMID: 9795685
- [Outbreak of sterile peritonitis among continuous cycling peritoneal dialysis patients](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1998/10/01/outbreak-of-sterile-peritonitis-among-continuous-cycling-peritoneal-dialysis-patients/) - Abstract BACKGROUND: Approximately 30,000 patients receive peritoneal dialysis in the United States. In August 1996, several dialysis centers from different states reported sterile peritonitis among CCPD patients using sterile peritoneal dialysis solution (PDS) from a single manufacturer. The manufacturer recalled 53 lots of PDS that had passed established industry guidelines and Food and Drug Administration
- [Enterobacter cloacae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa polymicrobial bloodstream infections traced to extrinsic contamination of a dextrose multidose vial](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1998/11/01/enterobacter-cloacae-and-pseudomonas-aeruginosa-polymicrobial-bloodstream-infections-traced-to-extrinsic-contamination-of-a-dextrose-multidose-vial/) - Abstract OBJECTIVE: To identify risk factors for polymicrobial bloodstream infections (BSIs) in neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) patients during an outbreak of BSIs.DESIGN: During an outbreak of BSIs, we conducted a retrospective cohort study, assessed NICU infection control practices and patient exposure to NICU healthcare workers (HCWs), and obtained cultures of the environment and HCW
- [Nocardia farcinica sternotomy site infections in patients following open heart surgery](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1998/11/01/nocardia-farcinica-sternotomy-site-infections-in-patients-following-open-heart-surgery/) - Abstract Although Nocardia farcinica surgical site infection outbreaks have been reported (though rarely), no source for these has been identified. From May 1992 through June 1993, 5 patients contracted N. farcinica sternotomy site infections following open heart surgery at hospital A. A case-control study comparing case-patients (n=5) with open heart surgery patients without subsequent sternotomy
- [EMERGEncy ID NET: an emergency department-based emerging infections sentinel network. The EMERGEncy ID NET Study Group](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1998/12/01/emergency-id-net-an-emergency-department-based-emerging-infections-sentinel-network-the-emergency-id-net-study-group/) - Abstract Acute infectious disease presentations among many at-risk patient groups (eg, uninsured, homeless, and recent immigrants) are frequently seen in emergency departments. Therefore EDs may be useful sentinel sites for infectious disease surveillance. This article describes the background, development, and implementation of EMERGE ncy ID NET, an interdisciplinary, multicenter, ED-based network for research of emerging
- [Proficiency of clinical laboratories in and near Monterrey, Mexico, to detect vancomycin-resistant enterococci](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1999/01/01/proficiency-of-clinical-laboratories-in-and-near-monterrey-mexico-to-detect-vancomycin-resistant-enterococci/) - Abstract Early detection of vancomycin-resistant enterococci is important for preventing its spread among hospitalized patients. We surveyed the ability of eight hospital laboratories in and near Monterrey, Mexico, to detect vancomycin resistance in Enterococcus spp. and found that although laboratories can reliably detect high-level vancomycin resistance, many have difficulty detecting low-level resistance. McDonald LC, Garza
- [EMERGEncy ID NET: an emergency department-based emerging infections sentinel network](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1999/02/01/emergency-id-net-an-emergency-department-based-emerging-infections-sentinel-network/) - Abstract Talan DA, Moran GJ, Mower WR, Newdow M, Ong S, Slutsker L, Jarvis WR, Conn LA, Pinner RW Clin. Infect. Dis. 1999 Feb;28(2):401-2 PMID: 10064261
- [Control of vancomycin-resistant enterococci at a community hospital: efficacy of patient and staff cohorting](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1999/02/01/control-of-vancomycin-resistant-enterococci-at-a-community-hospital-efficacy-of-patient-and-staff-cohorting/) - Abstract OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy of patient and staff cohorting to control vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) at an Indianapolis community hospital.DESIGN: To interrupt transmission of VRE, a VRE point-prevalence survey of hospital inpatients was conducted, and VRE-infected or -colonized patients were cohorted on a single ward with dedicated nursing staff and patient-care equipment. To assess
- [Bloodstream infection associated with needleless device use and the importance of infection-control practices in the home health care setting](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1999/02/01/bloodstream-infection-associated-with-needleless-device-use-and-the-importance-of-infection-control-practices-in-the-home-health-care-setting/) - Abstract The influence of infection-control practices on bloodstream infection (BSI) risk was examined in a home health care setting in which three needleless devices were used consecutively. A case-control study and a retrospective cohort study were conducted. Risk factors for BSI included lower education level, younger age, having a central venous catheter (CVC) with multiple
- [Emergence of vancomycin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus. Glycopeptide-Intermediate Staphylococcus aureus Working Group](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1999/02/18/emergence-of-vancomycin-resistance-in-staphylococcus-aureus-glycopeptide-intermediate-staphylococcus-aureus-working-group/) - Abstract BACKGROUND: Since the emergence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, the glycopeptide vancomycin has been the only uniformly effective treatment for staphylococcal infections. In 1997, two infections due to S. aureus with reduced susceptibility to vancomycin were identified in the United States.METHODS: We investigated the two patients with infections due to S. aureus with intermediate resistance
- [Surgical-site complications associated with a morphine nerve paste used for postoperative pain control after laminectomy](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1999/03/01/surgical-site-complications-associated-with-a-morphine-nerve-paste-used-for-postoperative-pain-control-after-laminectomy/) - Abstract OBJECTIVE: To identify risk factors that might explain a sudden increase in the rate of surgical-site complications following laminectomy.DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study.PATIENTS AND SETTING: Patients who underwent laminectomy at a 120-bed hospital from August 1 through October 15, 1996 (the epidemic period). A case-patient was defined as a patient with postoperative surgical-site complications (surgical-site
- [The prevalence of colonization with vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus at a Veterans' Affairs institution](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1999/03/01/the-prevalence-of-colonization-with-vancomycin-resistant-enterococcus-at-a-veterans-affairs-institution/) - Abstract OBJECTIVE: To study vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (VRE) prevalence, risk factors, and clustering among hospital inpatients.DESIGN: Rectal-swab prevalence culture survey conducted from February 5 to March 22, 1996.SETTING: The Veterans' Affairs Medical Center, Atlanta, Georgia.PATIENTS: Hospital (medical and surgical) inpatients.RESULTS: The overall VRE prevalence was 29% (42/147 patients). The VRE prevalence was 52% (38/73 patients) among
- [The emergence of decreased susceptibility to vancomycin in Staphylococcus epidermidis](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1999/03/01/the-emergence-of-decreased-susceptibility-to-vancomycin-in-staphylococcus-epidermidis/) - Abstract BACKGROUND: Coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) are the major cause of nosocomial bloodstream infection. Emergence of vancomycin resistance among CNS is a serious public health concern, because CNS usually are multidrug-resistant, and glycopeptide antibiotics, among which only vancomycin is available in the United States, are the only remaining effective therapy. In this report, we describe the
- [Reply](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1999/03/01/reply-2/) - Abstract Cookson ST, Schuchat A, Jarvis WR J. Infect. Dis. 1999 Mar;179(3):751-2 PMID: 9952477
- [Guideline for prevention of surgical site infection, 1999. Hospital Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1999/04/01/guideline-for-prevention-of-surgical-site-infection-1999-hospital-infection-control-practices-advisory-committee/) - Abstract Mangram AJ, Horan TC, Pearson ML, Silver LC, Jarvis WR Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1999 Apr;20(4):250-78; quiz 279-80 PMID: 10219875
- [Guideline for Prevention of Surgical Site Infection, 1999. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Hospital Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1999/04/01/guideline-for-prevention-of-surgical-site-infection-1999-centers-for-disease-control-and-prevention-cdc-hospital-infection-control-practices-advisory-committee/) - Abstract EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The "Guideline for Prevention of Surgical Site Infection, 1999" presents the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)'s recommendations for the prevention of surgical site infections (SSIs), formerly called surgical wound infections. This two-part guideline updates and replaces previous guidelines.1,2 Part I, "Surgical Site Infection: An Overview," describes the epidemiology, definitions, microbiology,
- [Trends in compliance with the guidelines for preventing the transmission of Mycobacterium tuberculosis among New Jersey hospitals, 1989 to 1996](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1999/05/01/trends-in-compliance-with-the-guidelines-for-preventing-the-transmission-of-mycobacterium-tuberculosis-among-new-jersey-hospitals-1989-to-1996/) - Abstract OBJECTIVE: To determine trends in compliance with the guidelines for preventing the transmission of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in healthcare facilities among New Jersey hospitals from 1989 through 1996.DESIGN: A voluntary questionnaire was sent to all 96 New Jersey hospitals in 1992. The 53 that responded were resurveyed in 1996.RESULTS: Of the 96 hospitals surveyed in
- [Increased risk of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection related to the occupational exposures of health care workers in Chiang Rai, Thailand](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1999/05/01/increased-risk-of-mycobacterium-tuberculosis-infection-related-to-the-occupational-exposures-of-health-care-workers-in-chiang-rai-thailand/) - Abstract SETTING: Chiang Rai, the northernmost province of Thailand.OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the occupational risk for tuberculous infection of health care workers (HCWs) and the utility of tuberculin skin test (TST) in a developing country setting.DESIGN: A cross-sectional TST survey, including a risk assessment questionnaire, of Chiang Rai Hospital HCWs.RESULTS: Of 911 HCWs tested, 623 (68%)
- [Postsurgical Candida albicans infections associated with an extrinsically contaminated intravenous anesthetic agent](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1999/05/01/postsurgical-candida-albicans-infections-associated-with-an-extrinsically-contaminated-intravenous-anesthetic-agent/) - Abstract From 16 to 30 April 1990, four of 364 (1%) postsurgical patients at one hospital developed Candida albicans fungemia or endophthalmitis. The case patients' surgeries were clustered on two days. To identify risk factors for C. albicans infections, we conducted a cohort study comparing these 4 patients with 67 control patients who had surgeries
- [Vancomycin use in pediatric cardiothoracic surgery patients](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1999/06/01/vancomycin-use-in-pediatric-cardiothoracic-surgery-patients/) - Abstract Shah SS, Sinkowitz-Cochran RL, Keyserling HL, Jarvis WR Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 1999 Jun;18(6):558-60 PMID: 10391192
- [Selected global health care activities of the Hospital Infections Program, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1999/06/01/selected-global-health-care-activities-of-the-hospital-infections-program-centers-for-disease-control-and-prevention/) - Abstract Manangan LP, Archibald LK, Pearson ML, Duffy RE, Garrett DO, Alonso-Echanove JA, Richet HM, Parvez FM, Jarvis WR Am J Infect Control 1999 Jun;27(3):270-4 PMID: 10358231
- [Proficiency of clinical laboratories in Spain in detecting vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus spp. The Spanish VRE Study Group](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1999/07/01/proficiency-of-clinical-laboratories-in-spain-in-detecting-vancomycin-resistant-enterococcus-spp-the-spanish-vre-study-group/) - Abstract Studies in a variety of U.S. clinical laboratories have demonstrated difficulty in detecting intermediate and low-level vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE). The misclassification of "at least intermediate resistant isolates" as vancomycin susceptible may have both clinical implications and a negative impact on measures to control the spread of VRE. No published study has assessed the ability
- [Fever and human immunodeficiency virus infection as sentinels for emerging mycobacterial and fungal bloodstream infections in hospitalized patients >/=15 years old, Bangkok](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1999/07/01/fever-and-human-immunodeficiency-virus-infection-as-sentinels-for-emerging-mycobacterial-and-fungal-bloodstream-infections-in-hospitalized-patients-15-years-old-bangkok/) - Abstract To determine the etiology of bloodstream infections (BSIs) in hospitalized patients >/=15 years old in Thailand, prospectively enrolled, consecutive febrile (>/=38 degrees C) patients were admitted to one hospital during February-April 1997. After a patient history was taken and a physical examination was performed, blood was obtained for comprehensive culture and human immunodeficiency virus
- [Lessons from recent nosocomial epidemics](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1999/08/01/lessons-from-recent-nosocomial-epidemics/) - Abstract This review describes important examples of recent nosocomial infection epidemics. Current trends suggest that emerging problems in nosocomial infections include increased nosocomial epidemics in out-of-hospital settings, contamination of medical devices and products, and antimicrobial resistance. Increased attention should be focused on outbreak investigations in these areas. Richards CL, Jarvis WR Curr. Opin. Infect. Dis.
- [Antimicrobial resistance in Staphylococcus aureus](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1999/08/01/antimicrobial-resistance-in-staphylococcus-aureus/) - Abstract Recognized since 1883 as a common cause of infection, Staphylococcus aureus' preantimicrobial-era bacteremia mortality rate was 82%. The mortality of that era threatens to return as evidence of growing vancomycin resistance undermines the utility of vancomycin therapy. Successful treatment of S. aureus infections requires knowledge of its antimicrobial resistance capacity. Smith TL, Jarvis WR
- [A pseudoepidemic of postoperative scleritis due to misdiagnosis](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1999/08/01/a-pseudoepidemic-of-postoperative-scleritis-due-to-misdiagnosis/) - Abstract OBJECTIVE: To describe a pseudoepidemic of infectious scleritis following eye surgery.METHODS: Retrospective cohort study with selected procedural and laboratory investigations.RESULTS: Twenty-one patients with postoperative scleritis were identified during a 2-month outbreak. Neither an infectious etiology nor a causative pre-, intra-, or postoperative exposure was found. The clinical findings, when carefully reviewed, were consistent with
- [Regional dissemination of vancomycin-resistant enterococci resulting from interfacility transfer of colonized patients](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1999/08/01/regional-dissemination-of-vancomycin-resistant-enterococci-resulting-from-interfacility-transfer-of-colonized-patients/) - Abstract During early 1997, the Siouxland District Health Department (SDHD; Sioux City, IA) reported an increased incidence of vancomycin-resistant enterococcal (VRE) isolates at area health care facilities. To determine the prevalence and risk factors for colonization with VRE strains at 32 health care facilities in the SDHD region, a prevalence survey and case-control study were
- [Infection-control measures reduce transmission of vancomycin-resistant enterococci in an endemic setting](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1999/08/17/infection-control-measures-reduce-transmission-of-vancomycin-resistant-enterococci-in-an-endemic-setting/) - Abstract BACKGROUND: Vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) are nosocomial pathogens in many U. S. hospitals.OBJECTIVE: To determine whether enhanced infection-control strategies reduce transmission of VRE in an endemic setting.DESIGN: Prospective cohort study.SETTING: Adult oncology inpatient unit.PATIENTS: 259 patients evaluated during use of enhanced infection-control strategies and 184 patients evaluated during use of standard infection-control practices.INTERVENTIONS: Patient surveillance
- [Prospective evaluation of risk factors for bloodstream infection in patients receiving home infusion therapy](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1999/09/01/prospective-evaluation-of-risk-factors-for-bloodstream-infection-in-patients-receiving-home-infusion-therapy/) - Abstract BACKGROUND: Intravenous therapy in the outpatient and home settings is commonplace for many diseases and nutritional disorders. Few data are available on the rate of and risk factors for bloodstream infection among patients receiving such therapy.OBJECTIVE: To determine rates of and risk factors for bloodstream infection among patients receiving home infusion therapy.DESIGN: Prospective, observational
- [Emerging Issues in Nosocomial Fungal Infections](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1999/10/01/emerging-issues-in-nosocomial-fungal-infections/) - Abstract Nosocomial fungal infections remain a serious cause of morbidity and mortality. As immunodeficient populations increase, the incidence of nosocomial fungal infections continues to rise. Although a wide variety of new and emerging fungi can cause nosocomial infections, Candida species remain the major etiologic agent. Candida species vary in their epidemiology and therapy. New diagnostic,
- [Reporting of vancomycin-resistant enterococci in Connecticut: implementation and validation of a state-based surveillance system](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1999/10/01/reporting-of-vancomycin-resistant-enterococci-in-connecticut-implementation-and-validation-of-a-state-based-surveillance-system/) - Abstract OBJECTIVE: To assess state-based surveillance for isolation from a sterile site of vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) in Connecticut.DESIGN: Clinical laboratory reporting (passive surveillance) of VRE isolates to the Connecticut Department of Public Health (CDPH) was followed by state-initiated validation, laboratory proficiency testing, and review of hospital demographic characteristics.SETTINGS: All 45 clinical laboratories and all 37
- [Association between mucositis severity and vancomycin-resistant enterococcal bloodstream infection in hospitalized cancer patients](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1999/10/01/association-between-mucositis-severity-and-vancomycin-resistant-enterococcal-bloodstream-infection-in-hospitalized-cancer-patients/) - Abstract OBJECTIVE: To determine the role of mucositis severity in the development of vancomycin-resistant enterococcal (VRE) bloodstream infection (BSI).SETTING: A tertiary-care university medical center.PARTICIPANTS: Hematology-oncology-unit inpatients.DESIGN: Patients with VRE BSI (case-patients) were compared with VRE-colonized (control) patients from September 1994 through August 1997. Oral mucositis severity was recorded on the day of VRE BSI for
- [Unrecognised Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteraemia among hospital inpatients in less developed countries](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1999/10/01/unrecognised-mycobacterium-tuberculosis-bacteraemia-among-hospital-inpatients-in-less-developed-countries/) - Abstract BACKGROUND: Nosocomial transmission of Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a global public-health concern. Although early clinical recognition of M. tuberculosis in hospital inpatients is critical for effective infection control, such recognition may be difficult in patients with HIV infection. To find out whether M. tuberculosis bacteraemia frequently goes unrecognised, we did a prospective blood-culture survey in
- [Proficiency in detecting vancomycin resistance in enterococci among clinical laboratories in Santiago, Chile](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1999/11/01/proficiency-in-detecting-vancomycin-resistance-in-enterococci-among-clinical-laboratories-in-santiago-chile/) - Abstract Labarca JA, McDonald LC, Pinto ME, Palavecino E, González P, Cona E, Fernández A, Giglio MS, Jarvis WR Emerging Infect. Dis. 1999 Nov-Dec;5(6):839-40 PMID: 10603228
- [Satellite videoconferencing for healthcare workers: audience characteristics and the importance of continuing education credits](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1999/11/01/satellite-videoconferencing-for-healthcare-workers-audience-characteristics-and-the-importance-of-continuing-education-credits/) - Abstract To assess the opinions of healthcare workers (HCWs) about a satellite videoconference as a means of earning continuing education credit, a telephone survey was conducted in September 1998, 1 month after a live interactive satellite videoconference on antimicrobial use and resistance. There were 180 registered sites in 45 states surveyed, representing 1,589 viewers: 764
- [An outbreak of gram-negative bacteremia in hemodialysis patients traced to hemodialysis machine waste drain ports](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1999/11/01/an-outbreak-of-gram-negative-bacteremia-in-hemodialysis-patients-traced-to-hemodialysis-machine-waste-drain-ports/) - Abstract OBJECTIVE: To investigate an outbreak of gram-negative bacteremias at a hemodialysis center (December 1, 1996-January 31, 1997).DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study. Reviewed infection control practices and maintenance and disinfection procedures for the water system and dialysis machines. Performed cultures of the water and dialysis machines, including the waste-handling option (WHO), a drain port designed to
- [A multistate nosocomial outbreak of Ralstonia pickettii colonization associated with an intrinsically contaminated respiratory care solution](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1999/11/01/a-multistate-nosocomial-outbreak-of-ralstonia-pickettii-colonization-associated-with-an-intrinsically-contaminated-respiratory-care-solution/) - Abstract From 1 February through 30 April 1998, 4 hospitals reported a total of 34 patients colonized with Ralstonia pickettii. All but 1 had been exposed to 0.9% saline solution manufactured by 1 company (Modudose; Kendall, Mainsfield, MA), which was used during endotracheal suctioning. Culture of saline solution from previously unopened vials yielded R. pickettii.
- [Seasonal variation of Acinetobacter infections: 1987-1996. Nosocomial Infections Surveillance System](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1999/11/01/seasonal-variation-of-acinetobacter-infections-1987-1996-nosocomial-infections-surveillance-system/) - Abstract To determine whether nosocomial infections due to Acinetobacter species have increased over the past 10 years and whether infections continue to have a pronounced seasonal variation, we analyzed infections reported by hospitals in the National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance System that performed adult and pediatric intensive care unit surveillance from 1987 through 1996. Overall, 3447
- [Reply](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1999/11/01/reply/) - Abstract Kuehnert MJ, Jarvis WR Clin. Infect. Dis. 1999 Nov;29(5):1358 PMID: 10525009
- [Vancomycin use in pediatric neurosurgery patients](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/1999/12/01/vancomycin-use-in-pediatric-neurosurgery-patients/) - Abstract OBJECTIVE: The objective of this article is to describe a pediatric neurosurgery patient population receiving vancomycin and examine the indications for and appropriateness of vancomycin use.METHODS: A cross-sectional study was performed on the pediatric neurosurgery patients at Egleston Children's Hospital who received vancomycin from January 1 through December 31, 1996. Vancomycin use was compared
- [Vancomycin use in pediatric hematology-oncology patients](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/2000/01/01/vancomycin-use-in-pediatric-hematology-oncology-patients/) - Abstract Across-sectional study was performed of pediatric hematology-oncology patients who received vancomycin; use was compared to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommendations for vancomycin use. Thirty-seven patients received 308 doses of vancomycin. AR patients initially received vancomycin as empirical therapy; 100% of this use was not consistent with the CDC recommendations. Hopkins
- [The influence of the composition of the nursing staff on primary bloodstream infection rates in a surgical intensive care unit](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/2000/01/01/the-influence-of-the-composition-of-the-nursing-staff-on-primary-bloodstream-infection-rates-in-a-surgical-intensive-care-unit/) - Abstract OBJECTIVES: To determine the risk factors for acquisition of nosocomial primary bloodstream infections (BSIs), including the effect of nursing-staff levels, in surgical intensive care unit (SICU) patients.DESIGN: A nested case-control study.SETTING: A 20-bed SICU in a 1,000-bed inner-city public hospital.PATIENTS: 28 patients with BSI (case-patients) were compared to 99 randomly selected patients (controls) hospitalized
- [Enterobacter cloacae bloodstream infections traced to contaminated human albumin](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/2000/01/01/enterobacter-cloacae-bloodstream-infections-traced-to-contaminated-human-albumin/) - Abstract In August 1996, a patient in Kansas developed an Enterobacter cloacae bloodstream infection (BSI) shortly after receiving Albuminar, a brand of human albumin. Albuminar contamination was suspected. A case-control study of patients with primary gram-negative bacterial BSIs showed that patients with E. cloacae BSIs were significantly more likely than patients with non-E. cloacae gram-negative
- [Modifiable risk factors associated with deep sternal site infection after coronary artery bypass grafting](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/2000/01/01/modifiable-risk-factors-associated-with-deep-sternal-site-infection-after-coronary-artery-bypass-grafting/) - Abstract OBJECTIVE: Our objective was to identify risk factors for deep sternal site infection after coronary artery bypass grafting at a community hospital.METHODS: We compared the prevalence of deep sternal site infection among patients having coronary artery bypass grafting during the study (January 1995-March 1998) and pre-study (January 1992-December 1994) periods. We compared any patient
- [Epidemic transmission of human immunodeficiency virus in renal dialysis centers in Egypt](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/2000/01/01/epidemic-transmission-of-human-immunodeficiency-virus-in-renal-dialysis-centers-in-egypt/) - Abstract In 1993 an epidemic of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection occurred among 39 patients at 2 renal dialysis centers in Egypt. The centers, private center A (PCA) and university center A (UCA) were visited, HIV-infected patients were interviewed, seroconversion rates at UCA were calculated, and relatedness of HIV strains was determined by sequence analysis;
- [A prolonged outbreak of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in a neonatal intensive care unit: did staff fingernails play a role in disease transmission?](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/2000/02/01/a-prolonged-outbreak-of-pseudomonas-aeruginosa-in-a-neonatal-intensive-care-unit-did-staff-fingernails-play-a-role-in-disease-transmission/) - Abstract OBJECTIVES: To describe an outbreak of Pseudomonas aeruginosa bloodstream infection (BSI) and endotracheal tube (ETT) colonization in a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU), determine risk factors for infection, and make preventive recommendations.DESIGN: A 15-month cohort study followed by a case-control study with an environmental survey and molecular typing of available isolates using pulsed-field gel
- [Risk factors for radial artery harvest site infection following coronary artery bypass graft surgery](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/2000/02/01/risk-factors-for-radial-artery-harvest-site-infection-following-coronary-artery-bypass-graft-surgery/) - Abstract Radial arteries increasingly are used during coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery. Although risk factors for saphenous vein harvest site infection (HSI) have been reported, rates of and risk factors for radial artery HSI are not well established. We compared rates of radial artery HSI that were detected by 2 surveillance methods, regular and
- [Nosocomial tuberculosis prevention measures among two groups of US hospitals, 1992 to 1996](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/2000/02/01/nosocomial-tuberculosis-prevention-measures-among-two-groups-of-us-hospitals-1992-to-1996/) - Abstract OBJECTIVE: To compare trends in nosocomial tuberculosis (TB) prevention measures and health-care worker (HCW) tuberculin skin test (TST) conversion of hospitals with HIV-related Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) patients and other US hospitals from 1992 through 1996.DESIGN AND SETTING: Surveys in 1992 and 1996 of 38 hospitals with PCP patients in four high-HIV-incidence cities and
- [Outbreaks of infection and/or pyrogenic reactions in dialysis patients](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/2000/03/01/outbreaks-of-infection-andor-pyrogenic-reactions-in-dialysis-patients/) - Abstract These dialysis-related outbreaks demonstrate the ongoing potential for infection-related morbidity and mortality among dialysis patients. Many of these outbreaks could have been prevented by adequate water treatment, proper disinfection of water systems and dialysis machines, adherence to recommended reprocessing protocols in centers reusing dialyzers, and more stringent quality control monitoring. Finally, these outbreaks highlight
- [Determining the significance of coagulase-negative staphylococci isolated from blood cultures at a community hospital: a role for species and strain identification](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/2000/03/01/determining-the-significance-of-coagulase-negative-staphylococci-isolated-from-blood-cultures-at-a-community-hospital-a-role-for-species-and-strain-identification/) - Abstract OBJECTIVES: To determine the degree to which species identification or strain relatedness assessment of successive blood culture isolates of coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) may improve the clinical diagnosis of bloodstream infection (BSI).SETTING: 400-bed community hospital.DESIGN: Prospective laboratory survey during which all CNS blood culture isolates obtained between mid-August 1996 and mid-February 1997 (study period) were
- [Outbreak of Pseudomonas aeruginosa ventriculitis among patients in a neurosurgical intensive care unit](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/2000/03/01/outbreak-of-pseudomonas-aeruginosa-ventriculitis-among-patients-in-a-neurosurgical-intensive-care-unit/) - Abstract OBJECTIVE: To determine the cause of an outbreak of Pseudomonas aeruginosa cerebral ventriculitis among eight patients at a community hospital neurosurgical intensive care unit. All had percutaneous external ventricular catheters (EVCs) to monitor cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pressure.METHODS: Cohort study of all patients who had EVCs placed during the epidemic period (August 8-October 22, 1997).
- [Preventing multidrug-resistant tuberculosis and errors in tuberculosis treatment around the globe](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/2000/03/01/preventing-multidrug-resistant-tuberculosis-and-errors-in-tuberculosis-treatment-around-the-globe/) - Abstract Manangan LP, Jarvis WR Chest 2000 Mar;117(3):620-3 PMID: 10712980
- [A hospital-based prevalence survey of bloodstream infections in febrile patients in Malawi: implications for diagnosis and therapy](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/2000/04/01/a-hospital-based-prevalence-survey-of-bloodstream-infections-in-febrile-patients-in-malawi-implications-for-diagnosis-and-therapy/) - Abstract The etiology of bloodstream infections (BSIs) in febrile (> or =37.5 degrees C) adults (> or =18 years old) in one Malawi hospital were determined during August and September 1997. After clinical evaluation, blood was drawn for comprehensive culture, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1 testing, and malaria smear. Of 233 patients, 173 (74%)
- [Acute onset of decreased vision and hearing traced to hemodialysis treatment with aged dialyzers](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/2000/04/26/acute-onset-of-decreased-vision-and-hearing-traced-to-hemodialysis-treatment-with-aged-dialyzers/) - Abstract CONTEXT: A recent event in which 7 patients at 1 hospital developed decreased vision and hearing, conjunctivitis, headache, and other severe neurologic symptoms 7 to 24 hours after hemodialysis drew attention to the issue of the long-term integrity of dialysis machines and materials.OBJECTIVE: To determine the cause of the adverse reactions that occurred during
- [Evaluation of a satellite education program on the prevention and control of antimicrobial resistance](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/2000/06/01/evaluation-of-a-satellite-education-program-on-the-prevention-and-control-of-antimicrobial-resistance/) - Abstract Sinkowitz-Cochran RL, Jarvis WR Am J Infect Control 2000 Jun;28(3):267-8 PMID: 10840349
- [Association between implementation of CDC recommendations and ventilator-associated pneumonia at selected US hospitals](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/2000/06/01/association-between-implementation-of-cdc-recommendations-and-ventilator-associated-pneumonia-at-selected-us-hospitals/) - Abstract BACKGROUND: To assess whether selected recommendations in the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention "Guideline for Prevention of Nosocomial Pneumonia" were being implemented and having an impact on the occurrence of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) at US hospitals, we surveyed hospitals participating in the National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance (NNIS) system.METHODS: We mailed a questionnaire to
- [Transfusion-related sepsis due to Serratia liquefaciens in the United States](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/2000/08/01/transfusion-related-sepsis-due-to-serratia-liquefaciens-in-the-united-states/) - Abstract BACKGROUND: Severe, often fatal, transfusion reactions due to bacterial contamination of blood components continue to occur. Serratia liquefaciens, an unusual human pathogen, is a recently recognized potential cause of transfusion-related sepsis.CASE REPORTS: Five episodes of transfusion-related sepsis and endotoxic shock due to S. liquefaciens were reported to the CDC from July 1992 through January
- [When clusters occur: an illustrative example and a statistical dilemma](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/2000/08/01/when-clusters-occur-an-illustrative-example-and-a-statistical-dilemma/) - Abstract Sinkowitz-Cochran RL, Cazes C, Chinn RY, Vargo JA, Jarvis WR Am J Infect Control 2000 Aug;28(4):325-6 PMID: 10926718
- [Risk factors for acquisition of vancomycin-resistant enterococci among patients on a renal ward during a community hospital outbreak](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/2000/08/01/risk-factors-for-acquisition-of-vancomycin-resistant-enterococci-among-patients-on-a-renal-ward-during-a-community-hospital-outbreak/) - Abstract BACKGROUND: During an outbreak of vancomycin-resistant enterococcal (VRE) infection and colonization at a community hospital in Indianapolis, Indiana, we performed a case-control study of patients on the hospital's renal unit to determine risk factors for acquisition of VRE among this potentially high-risk patient population.METHODS: Twenty-four renal patients with VRE colonization/infection (ie, case-patients) were compared
- [Comparison of BACTEC MYCO/F LYTIC and WAMPOLE ISOLATOR 10 (lysis-centrifugation) systems for detection of bacteremia, mycobacteremia, and fungemia in a developing country](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/2000/08/01/comparison-of-bactec-mycof-lytic-and-wampole-isolator-10-lysis-centrifugation-systems-for-detection-of-bacteremia-mycobacteremia-and-fungemia-in-a-developing-country/) - Abstract In less-developed countries, studies of bloodstream infections (BSI) have been hindered because of the difficulty and costs of culturing blood for bacteria, mycobacteria, and fungi. During two study periods (study period I [1997] and study period II [1998]), we cultured blood from patients in Malawi by using the BACTEC MYCO/F LYTIC (MFL), ISOLATOR 10
- [Physician preferences for educational media](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/2000/09/01/physician-preferences-for-educational-media/) - Abstract BACKGROUND: Although educational media have expanded in variety, information on physicians' preferences for types of educational media remains limited.METHOD: An assessment form was distributed to 14 medical societies evaluating their members' medical education media preferences and society antimicrobial-resistance educational offerings.RESULTS: These 14 medical societies represent 349,685 physicians. All supported educational offerings, most frequently as
- [An epidemic of corneal destruction caused by plasma gas sterilization. The Toxic Cell Destruction Syndrome Investigative Team](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/2000/09/01/an-epidemic-of-corneal-destruction-caused-by-plasma-gas-sterilization-the-toxic-cell-destruction-syndrome-investigative-team/) - Abstract BACKGROUND: Toxic endothelial cell destruction (TECD) syndrome after intraocular ophthalmic surgery is rare and can result from exposure to a variety of toxins. During January 8 to 14, 1998, 6 patients developed TECD with corneal edema associated with unreactive or dilated pupils at Hospital A.METHODS: A case patient was any Hospital A patient with
- [Should we routinely use mupirocin to prevent staphylococcal infections?](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/2000/11/01/should-we-routinely-use-mupirocin-to-prevent-staphylococcal-infections/) - Abstract Routine use of mupirocin to prevent staphylococcal infections is controversial. We assessed attitudes and practices of healthcare professionals attending the Fourth Decennial International Conference on Nosocomial and Healthcare-Associated Infections regarding mupirocin prophylaxis. Eighty percent of participants did not use mupirocin routinely. At the end of the session, 58% indicated they would consider increased use
- [Program overview: the reality check sessions at the 4th Decennial International Conference on Nosocomial and Healthcare-Associated Infections](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/2000/11/01/program-overview-the-reality-check-sessions-at-the-4th-decennial-international-conference-on-nosocomial-and-healthcare-associated-infections/) - Abstract The 4th Decennial International Conference on Nosocomial and Healthcare-Associated Infections provided a unique forum to assess opinions regarding current infection control controversies. The "Reality Check" sessions were a special portion of the conference where attendees expressed their opinions on these issues and heard varying viewpoints from noted experts. Using an Audience Response System (ARS),
- [Reality check: how should we control antimicrobial use? Current practices and controversies](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/2000/12/01/reality-check-how-should-we-control-antimicrobial-use-current-practices-and-controversies/) - Abstract The infectious diseases community shares a wide consensus about the need for control of antimicrobial use. However, current practices toward this goal remain controversial. This "Reality Check" session assessed attendees of the 4th Decennial Conference regarding their knowledge and practices about control of antimicrobial use in hospitals. Coignard B, Siegel JD, Weinstein RA, Sohn
- [Pyrogenic reactions associated with single daily dosing of intravenous gentamicin](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/2000/12/01/pyrogenic-reactions-associated-with-single-daily-dosing-of-intravenous-gentamicin/) - Abstract OBJECTIVE: To identify risk factors associated with an unexpected outbreak of pyrogenic reactions (PR) following intravenous gentamicin.DESIGN: We conducted two cohort studies. PRs were defined as chills, rigors, or shaking within 3 hours after initiating the gentamicin infusion during the preepidemic (December 1, 1997-January 15, 1998) or epidemic (May 1-June 15, 1998) periods. We
- [The Internet: a practical example of the use of new technology in the assessment of vancomycin use in pediatrics. The Pediatric Prevention Network](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/2000/12/01/the-internet-a-practical-example-of-the-use-of-new-technology-in-the-assessment-of-vancomycin-use-in-pediatrics-the-pediatric-prevention-network/) - Abstract BACKGROUND: The rapid emergence of both new infections and new technologies has revolutionized health care during the past 50 years. Increased use of the Internet has enabled health care professionals to educate, interact, and collaborate throughout the world in ways never before possible. Increased use of vancomycin has been associated with the emergence of
- [Status of infection surveillance and control programs in the United States, 1992-1996. Association for Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology, Inc](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/2000/12/01/status-of-infection-surveillance-and-control-programs-in-the-united-states-1992-1996-association-for-professionals-in-infection-control-and-epidemiology-inc/) - Abstract BACKGROUND: Nosocomial infections have been recognized as a source of morbidity and mortality throughout the world for several decades. In the United States, an estimated 2.1 million nosocomial infections occur annually in acute care hospitals alone. Infection surveillance and control programs (ISCPs) play a vital role in addressing this problem, but no national studies
- [Seasonal variation in the etiology of bloodstream infections in a febrile inpatient population in a developing country](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/2001/01/01/seasonal-variation-in-the-etiology-of-bloodstream-infections-in-a-febrile-inpatient-population-in-a-developing-country/) - Abstract OBJECTIVES: Published data suggest that Streptococcus pneumoniae, non-typhi Salmonella species, and Mycobacterium tuberculosis are the predominant causes of bloodstream infection (BSI) in hospitalized populations in sub-Saharan Africa. This study was conducted during the wet season to ascertain the etiology and prevalence of BSI among febrile inpatients in a hospital where the dry season BSI
- [Management of occupational exposures to hepatitis C virus: current practice and controversies](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/2001/01/01/management-of-occupational-exposures-to-hepatitis-c-virus-current-practice-and-controversies/) - Abstract Unlike hepatitis B virus and human immunodeficiency virus, there currently are no immunization or chemoprophylactic interventions available to prevent infection after an occupational exposure to hepatitis C virus (HCV). A "Reality Check" session was held at the 4th Decennial International Conference on Nosocomial and Healthcare-Associated Infections to gather information on current practices related to
- [Invasive aspergillosis outbreak on a hematology-oncology ward](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/2001/01/01/invasive-aspergillosis-outbreak-on-a-hematology-oncology-ward/) - Abstract An outbreak of invasive aspergillosis occurred in a community hospital in temporal association with construction activity. Epidemiological investigation showed that patients who are at highest risk comprise a small group and are readily identifiable. Clinicians should strive to protect these patients, following guidelines published by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Burwen DR,
- [Reality check: should we try to detect and isolate vancomycin-resistant enterococci patients?](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/2001/02/01/reality-check-should-we-try-to-detect-and-isolate-vancomycin-resistant-enterococci-patients/) - Abstract Antimicrobial resistance, including vancomycin resistance in enterococci (VRE), is a growing problem in healthcare facilities. This "Reality Check" session focused on the question of whether we should try to detect and isolate patients colonized or infected with VRE. Ostrowsky B, Steinberg JT, Farr B, Sohn AH, Sinkowitz-Cochran RL, Jarvis WR Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol
- [Evaluation of a successful vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus prevention intervention in a community of health care facilities](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/2001/02/01/evaluation-of-a-successful-vancomycin-resistant-enterococcus-prevention-intervention-in-a-community-of-health-care-facilities/) - Abstract BACKGROUND: In April 1997, vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) emerged in several health care facilities in the Siouxland region and a VRE Task Force was formed. From 1997 through 1999, an evaluation of VRE prevalence at 30 facilities was performed.METHODS: In 1999, we conducted a survey and focus groups of health care workers to address initial
- [Emerging healthcare-associated problem pathogens in the United States](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/2001/02/01/emerging-healthcare-associated-problem-pathogens-in-the-united-states/) - Abstract Healthcare-associated infections are a major cause of morbidity and mortality. Dramatic changes in the delivery of healthcare during the past decade have changed the definition of healthcare-associated infections. Healthcare delivery changes include a reduction in the number of general hospital beds, an increase in the proportion of patients who are in intensive care units,
- [Reality check: should we use vancomycin for the prophylaxis of intravascular catheter-associated infections?](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/2001/03/01/reality-check-should-we-use-vancomycin-for-the-prophylaxis-of-intravascular-catheter-associated-infections/) - Abstract The use of intravascular catheters is associated with increased risk of bloodstream infections, principally caused by coagulase-negative staphylococci. This "Reality Check" session, held at the 4th Decennial International Conference on Nosocomial and Healthcare-Associated Infections, focused on the question of whether, and in what manner, vancomycin should be used for the prophylaxis of these infections
- [Colonization of skilled-care facility residents with antimicrobial-resistant pathogens](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/2001/03/01/colonization-of-skilled-care-facility-residents-with-antimicrobial-resistant-pathogens/) - Abstract OBJECTIVES: To determine the frequency of and risk factors for colonization of skilled-care unit residents by several antimicrobial-resistant bacterial species, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), vancomycin-resistant enterococcus (VRE), or extended-spectrum-beta-lactamase-producing (ESBL-producing) (ceftazidime resistant) Klebsiella pneumoniae or Escherichia coli.DESIGN: Point-prevalence survey and medical record review.SETTING: The skilled-care units in one healthcare facility.PARTICIPANTS: 120 skilled-care unit residents.MEASUREMENTS:
- [Building communication networks: international network for the study and prevention of emerging antimicrobial resistance](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/2001/03/01/building-communication-networks-international-network-for-the-study-and-prevention-of-emerging-antimicrobial-resistance/) - Abstract The global nature of antimicrobial resistance and the failure to control the emergence of resistant organisms demand the implementation of a global surveillance program involving both developed and developing countries. Because of the urgent need for infection control interventions and for rapid distribution of information about emerging organisms, we initiated the International Network for
- [Infection control and changing health-care delivery systems](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/2001/03/01/infection-control-and-changing-health-care-delivery-systems/) - Abstract In the past, health care was delivered mainly in acute-care facilities. Today, health care is delivered in hospital, outpatient, transitional care, long-term care, rehabilitative care, home, and private office settings. Measures to reduce health-care costs include decreasing the number of hospitals and the length of patient stays, increasing outpatient and home care, and increasing
- [Infection control dogma: top 10 suspects](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/2001/04/01/infection-control-dogma-top-10-suspects/) - Abstract As infection control evolved into an art and science through the years, many infection control practices have become infection control dogmas (principles, beliefs, ideas, or opinions). In this "Reality Check" session of the 4th Decennial International Conference on Nosocomial and Healthcare-Associated Infections, we assessed participants' perceptions of prevalent infection control dogmas. The majority of
- [Serratia marcescens transmission in a pediatric intensive care unit: a multifactorial occurrence](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/2001/04/01/serratia-marcescens-transmission-in-a-pediatric-intensive-care-unit-a-multifactorial-occurrence/) - Abstract BACKGROUND: Fourteen patients in the pediatric cardiac intensive care unit (CICU) had > or =1 positive culture for a single strain of Serratia marcescens from April through December 1995 (study period).OBJECTIVES: To identify risk factors for S marcescens infection or colonization in a pediatric CICU.METHODS: Retrospective case-control study. Assessment of CICU infection control practices
- [Utility of paired BACTEC MYCO/F LYTIC blood culture vials for detection of bacteremia, mycobacteremia, and fungemia](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/2001/05/01/utility-of-paired-bactec-mycof-lytic-blood-culture-vials-for-detection-of-bacteremia-mycobacteremia-and-fungemia/) - Abstract In previous bloodstream infection studies in Malawi, we inoculated blood from a single venesection into a single BACTEC MYCO/F LYTIC (MFL) vial. Inoculation of one vial, however, would be expected to reduce the sensitivity of bloodstream pathogen detection with MFL vials. To ascertain the degree of this loss of sensitivity, blood was drawn from
- [Control of vancomycin-resistant enterococcus in health care facilities in a region](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/2001/05/10/control-of-vancomycin-resistant-enterococcus-in-health-care-facilities-in-a-region/) - Abstract BACKGROUND: In late 1996, vancomycin-resistant enterococci were first detected in the Siouxland region of Iowa, Nebraska, and South Dakota. A task force was created, and in 1997 the assistance of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention was sought in assessing the prevalence of vancomycin-resistant enterococci in the region's facilities and implementing recommendations for
- [Serratia liquefaciens bloodstream infections from contamination of epoetin alfa at a hemodialysis center](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/2001/05/17/serratia-liquefaciens-bloodstream-infections-from-contamination-of-epoetin-alfa-at-a-hemodialysis-center/) - Abstract BACKGROUND: In a one month period, 10 Serratia liquefaciens bloodstream infections and 6 pyrogenic reactions occurred in outpatients at a hemodialysis center.METHODS: We performed a cohort study of all hemodialysis sessions on days that staff members reported S. liquefaciens bloodstream infections or pyrogenic reactions. We reviewed procedures and cultured samples of water, medications, soaps,
- [Anesthesia-associated carbon monoxide exposures among surgical patients](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/2001/06/01/anesthesia-associated-carbon-monoxide-exposures-among-surgical-patients/) - Abstract OBJECTIVE: To estimate the extent of, and evaluate risk factors for, elevated carboxyhemoglobin levels among patients undergoing general anesthesia and to identify the source of carbon monoxide.DESIGN: Matched case-control study to measure carboxyhemoglobin levels.SETTING: Large academic medical center.PARTICIPANTS: 45 surgical patients who underwent general anesthesiaRESULTS: Case-patients were more likely than controls to undergo surgery
- [Observational study of the use of infection control interventions for Mycobacterium tuberculosis in pediatric facilities](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/2001/06/01/observational-study-of-the-use-of-infection-control-interventions-for-mycobacterium-tuberculosis-in-pediatric-facilities/) - Abstract INTRODUCTION: Hospital transmission of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (TB) is a problem in US facilities where adults are treated. However, specific guidelines for facilities in which pediatric patients are cared for have never been defined, nor has any study attempted to assess pediatric health care worker (HCW) compliance with TB infection control (IC) guidelines.METHODS: An observational
- [Nosocomial infection rates in US children's hospitals' neonatal and pediatric intensive care units](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/2001/06/01/nosocomial-infection-rates-in-us-childrens-hospitals-neonatal-and-pediatric-intensive-care-units/) - Abstract BACKGROUND: Few data are available on nosocomial infections (NIs) in US children's hospitals' neonatal or pediatric intensive care units. The Pediatric Prevention Network (PPN) was established to improve characterization of NIs in pediatric patients and to develop and test interventions to decrease NI.METHODS: Fifty participating children's hospitals were surveyed in 1998 to determine NI
- [A prospective study of vascular access infections at seven outpatient hemodialysis centers](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/2001/06/01/a-prospective-study-of-vascular-access-infections-at-seven-outpatient-hemodialysis-centers/) - Abstract Vascular access infections are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in hemodialysis patients, and the use of antimicrobials to treat such infections contributes to the emergence and spread of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria. To determine the incidence of and risk factors for vascular access infections, we studied hemodialysis patients at 7 outpatient dialysis centers (4
- [Use and efficacy of tuberculosis infection control practices at hospitals with previous outbreaks of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/2001/07/01/use-and-efficacy-of-tuberculosis-infection-control-practices-at-hospitals-with-previous-outbreaks-of-multidrug-resistant-tuberculosis/) - Abstract OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the implementation and efficacy of selected Centers for Disease Control and Prevention guidelines for preventing spread of Mycobacterium tuberculosis.DESIGN: Analysis of prospective observational data.SETTING: Two medical centers where outbreaks of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (TB) had occurred.PARTICIPANTS: All hospital inpatients who had active TB or who were placed in TB isolation and healthcare
- [Costs and savings associated with infection control measures that reduced transmission of vancomycin-resistant enterococci in an endemic setting](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/2001/07/01/costs-and-savings-associated-with-infection-control-measures-that-reduced-transmission-of-vancomycin-resistant-enterococci-in-an-endemic-setting/) - Abstract OBJECTIVE: To determine the costs and savings of a 15-component infection control program that reduced transmission of vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) in an endemic setting.DESIGN: Evaluation of costs and savings, using historical control data.SETTING: Adult oncology unit of a 650-bed hospital.PARTICIPANTS: Patients with leukemia, lymphoma, and solid tumors, excluding bone marrow transplant recipients.METHODS: Costs and
- [Risk factors for candidal bloodstream infections in surgical intensive care unit patients: the NEMIS prospective multicenter study. The National Epidemiology of Mycosis Survey](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/2001/07/15/risk-factors-for-candidal-bloodstream-infections-in-surgical-intensive-care-unit-patients-the-nemis-prospective-multicenter-study-the-national-epidemiology-of-mycosis-survey/) - Abstract To assess risk factors for development of candidal blood stream infections (CBSIs), a prospective cohort study was performed at 6 sites that involved all patients admitted to the surgical intensive care unit (SICU) for >48 h over a 2-year period. Among 4276 such patients, 42 CBSIs occurred (9.82 CBSIs per 1000 admissions). The overall
- [Occupational transmission of Mycobacterium tuberculosis to health care workers in a university hospital in Lima, Peru](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/2001/09/01/occupational-transmission-of-mycobacterium-tuberculosis-to-health-care-workers-in-a-university-hospital-in-lima-peru/) - Abstract From November 1996 through March 1997, presumptive active pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) was detected in 44 health care workers (HCWs) at a university hospital in Lima, Peru. To further assess the magnitude of the outbreak and determine risk factors for occupational Mycobacterium tuberculosis transmission, we identified HCWs in whom active pulmonary TB was diagnosed from
- [Nosocomial outbreak of Microbacterium species bacteremia among cancer patients](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/2001/09/15/nosocomial-outbreak-of-microbacterium-species-bacteremia-among-cancer-patients/) - Abstract To date, only 6 sporadic Microbacterium species (formerly coryneform Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC] groups A-4 and A-5) infections have been reported. The source, mode of transmission, morbidity, mortality, and potential for nosocomial transmission of Microbacterium species remain unknown. From 26 July through 14 August 1997, 8 episodes of coryneform CDC group
- [Physician preferences for continuing medical education with a focus on the topic of antimicrobial resistance: Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/2001/10/01/physician-preferences-for-continuing-medical-education-with-a-focus-on-the-topic-of-antimicrobial-resistance-society-for-healthcare-epidemiology-of-america/) - Abstract OBJECTIVE: To determine the type of media preferred for continuing medical education (CME) and to assess the factors that affect physician preferences for CME in general and on the special topic of antimicrobial resistance.DESIGN: A voluntary survey of the membership of the Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America, Inc. (SHEA).METHODS: SHEA, in collaboration with
- [Vancomycin-resistant enterococci colonization in patients at seven hemodialysis centers](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/2001/10/01/vancomycin-resistant-enterococci-colonization-in-patients-at-seven-hemodialysis-centers/) - Abstract BACKGROUND: Vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) are increasing in prevalence at many institutions, and are often reported in dialysis patients. We studied the prevalence of and risk factors for VRE at seven outpatient hemodialysis centers (three in Baltimore, MD, USA, and four in Richmond, VA, USA).METHODS: Rectal or stool cultures were performed on consenting hemodialysis patients
- [Computerized pharmacy databases as source of data on antimicrobial prescriptions in children's hospitals](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/2001/11/01/computerized-pharmacy-databases-as-source-of-data-on-antimicrobial-prescriptions-in-childrens-hospitals/) - Abstract Harbarth S, Levine GL, Jarvis WR, Goldmann DA, Huskins WC Am J Health Syst Pharm 2001 Nov;58(21):2069-71 PMID: 11715830
- [Nosocomial infections in a children's hospital in Argentina: impact of a unique infection control intervention program](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/2001/12/01/nosocomial-infections-in-a-childrens-hospital-in-argentina-impact-of-a-unique-infection-control-intervention-program/) - Abstract OBJECTIVE: To assess the efficacy of parental education and use of parents as nursing assistants on reducing nosocomial infections.DESIGN: Prospective study.METHODS: Active surveillance for nosocomial infections was performed on two wards. On ward A, parents were educated about infection control practices and assisted nursing staff with routine tasks, so that nursing personnel could focus
- [Transfusion-transmitted bacterial infection in the United States, 1998 through 2000](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/2001/12/01/transfusion-transmitted-bacterial-infection-in-the-united-states-1998-through-2000/) - Abstract BACKGROUND: Bacterial contamination of blood components can result in transfusion-transmitted infection, but the risk is not established.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Suspected cases of transfusion-transmitted bacteremia were reported to the CDC by participating blood collection facilities and transfusion services affiliated with the American Red Cross, AABB, or Department of Defense blood programs from 1998 through
- [Evaluation of a reporting system for bacterial contamination of blood components in the United States](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/2001/12/01/evaluation-of-a-reporting-system-for-bacterial-contamination-of-blood-components-in-the-united-states/) - Abstract BACKGROUND: The transfusion of blood components contaminated with bacteria may have serious clinical consequences, but few data are available on the incidence of these events. A national effort to assess the frequency of blood component bacterial contamination associated with transfusion reaction (the BaCon Study) was initiated to better estimate their occurrence.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS:
- [Prevalence of nosocomial infections in neonatal intensive care unit patients: Results from the first national point-prevalence survey](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/2001/12/01/prevalence-of-nosocomial-infections-in-neonatal-intensive-care-unit-patients-results-from-the-first-national-point-prevalence-survey/) - Abstract OBJECTIVES: Patients admitted to neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) are at high risk of nosocomial infection. We conducted a national multicenter assessment of nosocomial infections in NICUs to determine the prevalence of infections, describe associated risk factors, and help focus prevention efforts.STUDY DESIGN: We conducted a point prevalence survey of nosocomial infections in 29
- [[Incidence, microbial etiology and mortality associated with nosocomial bacteremia in a neonatal intensive care unit]](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/2002/04/01/incidence-microbial-etiology-and-mortality-associated-with-nosocomial-bacteremia-in-a-neonatal-intensive-care-unit/) - Abstract Robles García MB, Orejas Rodríguez Arango G, Rey Galán C, Jarvis WR An. Esp. Pediatr. 2002 Apr;56(4):364-6 PMID: 11927086
- [From the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Disseminated infection with Simiae-avium group mycobacteria in persons with AIDS--Thailand and Malawi, 1997](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/2002/07/10/from-the-centers-for-disease-control-and-prevention-disseminated-infection-with-simiae-avium-group-mycobacteria-in-persons-with-aids-thailand-and-malawi-1997/) - Abstract Reller LB, Archibald LK, Jarvis WR, Grohskopf LA JAMA 2002 Jul;288(2):157, discussion 157-8 PMID: 12113261
- [Detection of bloodstream pathogens in a bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG)-vaccinated pediatric population in Malawi: a pilot study](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/2003/03/01/detection-of-bloodstream-pathogens-in-a-bacille-calmette-guerin-bcg-vaccinated-pediatric-population-in-malawi-a-pilot-study/) - Abstract Children in Malawi receive bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccination within the first 3 days of life. Thus, we hypothesized that Malawian children infected with the human immunodeficiency type 1 virus (HIV-1) might be particularly vulnerable to dissemination of the BCG Mycobacterium bovis strain with which they were vaccinated. Following informed consent by parents, we studied
- [Benchmarking for prevention: the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance (NNIS) system experience](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/2003/12/01/benchmarking-for-prevention-the-centers-for-disease-control-and-preventions-national-nosocomial-infections-surveillance-nnis-system-experience/) - Abstract Healthcare-associated infections are a major cause of morbidity and mortality at hospitals in the United States. Surveillance of these infections identifies secular trends and provides data upon which prevention interventions can be based in order to improve patient safety. National surveillance of healthcare-associated infections was initiated in the United States in 1970. Since that
- [Controlling healthcare-associated infections: the role of infection control and antimicrobial use practices](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/2004/01/01/controlling-healthcare-associated-infections-the-role-of-infection-control-and-antimicrobial-use-practices/) - Abstract Healthcare-associated infections are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in pediatric patients in the United States and throughout the world. Overall rates of infection range widely depending on the pediatric population, with the highest rates being in patients in neonatal intensive care units, followed by those in pediatric intensive care units, immunocompromised patients,
- [Antifungal susceptibilities of Cryptococcus neoformans](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/2004/01/01/antifungal-susceptibilities-of-cryptococcus-neoformans/) - Abstract Susceptibility profiles of medically important fungi in less-developed countries remain uncharacterized. We measured the MICs of amphotericin B, 5-flucytosine, fluconazole, itraconazole, and ketoconazole for Cryptococcus neoformans clinical isolates from Thailand, Malawi, and the United States and found no evidence of resistance or MIC profile differences among the countries. Archibald LK, Tuohy MJ, Wilson DA,
- [Klebsiella pneumoniae bloodstream infections among neonates in a high-risk nursery in Cali, Colombia](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/2004/03/01/klebsiella-pneumoniae-bloodstream-infections-among-neonates-in-a-high-risk-nursery-in-cali-colombia/) - Abstract OBJECTIVES: To determine the cause of an outbreak of Klebsiella pneumoniae bloodstream infections (BSIs) among neonates in a high-risk nursery and to institute control measures.DESIGN: During the on-site investigation, a cohort study to identify risk factors for K. pneumoniae BSI, a point-prevalence study to assess K. pneumoniae colonization, a maternal cohort study to determine
- [Multi-society guideline for reprocessing flexible gastrointestinal endoscopes](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/2004/04/01/multi-society-guideline-for-reprocessing-flexible-gastrointestinal-endoscopes/) - Abstract Nelson DB, Jarvis WR, Rutala WA, Foxx-Orenstein AE, Isenberg G, Dash GP, Alvarado CJ, Ball M, Griffin-Sobel J, Petersen C, Ball KA, Henderson J, Stricof RL, Dis. Colon Rectum 2004 Apr;47(4):413-20; discussion 420-1 2004-03-04 PMID: 14994116
- [Secular trends in hospital-acquired Clostridium difficile disease in the United States, 1987-2001](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/2004/05/01/secular-trends-in-hospital-acquired-clostridium-difficile-disease-in-the-united-states-1987-2001/) - Abstract We reviewed Clostridium difficile-associated disease (CDAD) data from the intensive care unit (ICU) and hospital-wide surveillance components of the National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance System hospitals during 1987-2001. ICU CDAD rates increased significantly only in hospitals with >500 beds (P
- [TST reversion in a BCG-revaccinated population of nursing and medical students, São Paulo, Brazil, 1997-2000](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/2005/07/01/tst-reversion-in-a-bcg-revaccinated-population-of-nursing-and-medical-students-sao-paulo-brazil-1997-2000/) - Abstract SETTING: A major university in São Paulo, Brazil, where vaccination against tuberculosis (TB) with bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) was routinely offered to first-year medical and nursing students.OBJECTIVES: To estimate the probability of negative tuberculin skin test (TST) results over a 4-year period following BCG revaccination, and to evaluate the effect of factors associated with reversion.DESIGN:
- [Use of antimicrobial agents in United States neonatal and pediatric intensive care patients](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/2005/09/01/use-of-antimicrobial-agents-in-united-states-neonatal-and-pediatric-intensive-care-patients/) - Abstract OBJECTIVE: Antimicrobial use contributes to the development of emergence and dissemination of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria among intensive care unit (ICU) patients. There are few published data on antimicrobial use in neonatal (NICU) and pediatric ICU (PICU) patients.METHODS: Personnel at 31 Pediatric Prevention Network hospitals participated in point prevalence surveys on August 4, 1999 (summer) and
- [A multicenter evaluation of tuberculin skin test positivity and conversion among health care workers in Brazilian hospitals](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/2005/12/01/a-multicenter-evaluation-of-tuberculin-skin-test-positivity-and-conversion-among-health-care-workers-in-brazilian-hospitals/) - Abstract SETTING: Four general Brazilian hospitals.OBJECTIVE: To assess the occupational risk of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (TB) in participating hospitals.DESIGN: In phase one of this longitudinal study, a cross-sectional survey documented baseline tuberculin skin test (TST) positivity rates. In phase two, TST conversion rates were evaluated in participants with an initial negative two-step TST. TST conversion data
- [Pyrogenic reactions in hemodialysis patients, Hanoi, Vietnam](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/2006/04/01/pyrogenic-reactions-in-hemodialysis-patients-hanoi-vietnam/) - Abstract Of 33,111 patients admitted to a large hospital in Vietnam from November 2000 through July 2001, a total of 303 were undergoing hemodialysis and had pyrogenic reactions (ie, fever and/or rigors). Ten case patients (3.3%) had documented bacteremia; pathogens were largely waterborne microorganisms. Pyrogenic reactions in case patients might have occurred because of suboptimal
- [Incidence of pediatric and neonatal intensive care unit-acquired infections](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/2006/06/01/incidence-of-pediatric-and-neonatal-intensive-care-unit-acquired-infections/) - Abstract OBJECTIVE: To compare the cumulative incidence of infections acquired in the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) and neonatal intensive care unit (NICU).DESIGN: Estimation of the cumulative incidence of infections with data obtained from the Pediatric Prevention Network (PPN) point-prevalence survey and observed rates from the National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance (NNIS) system.SETTING: Ten hospitals participated
- [Infectious diseases physicians' preferences for continuing medical education on antimicrobial resistance and other general topics](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/2006/08/01/infectious-diseases-physicians-preferences-for-continuing-medical-education-on-antimicrobial-resistance-and-other-general-topics/) - Abstract A 19-item survey instrument was designed and mailed by the Infectious Diseases Society of America to its membership to determine the media preferred by infectious diseases physicians for continuing medical education on general topics and on antimicrobial resistance. The objective of the survey was to offer the developers of educational programs knowledge on which
- [Control of nosocomial methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/2006/08/01/control-of-nosocomial-methicillin-resistant-staphylococcus-aureus-infection/) - Abstract Muto CA, Vos MC, Jarvis WR, Farr BM Clin. Infect. Dis. 2006 Aug;43(3):387-8 PMID: 16804860
- [Another tale of two guidelines](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/2006/09/15/another-tale-of-two-guidelines/) - Abstract Muto CA, Jarvis WR, Farr BM Clin. Infect. Dis. 2006 Sep;43(6):796-7;; author reply 797-8 PMID: 16912962
- [Nationwide outbreak of red eye syndrome associated with transfusion of leukocyte-reduced red blood cell units](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/2006/11/01/nationwide-outbreak-of-red-eye-syndrome-associated-with-transfusion-of-leukocyte-reduced-red-blood-cell-units/) - Abstract OBJECTIVE: To characterize red eye reactions occurring within 24 hours after receipt of units of leukocyte-reduced red blood cells, determine their etiology, and investigate their potential link to transfusion.METHODS: We conducted a survey of transfusion facilities nationwide to determine the scope and magnitude of the reactions; performed case-control and cohort studies among transfused patients
- [The prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/2006/12/01/the-prevalence-of-methicillin-resistant-staphylococcus-aureus/) - Abstract Cortazal M, Soule BM, Jarvis WR Am J Infect Control 2006 Dec;34(10):613-5 PMID: 17161734
- [Reduction in surgical site infections in neurosurgical patients associated with a bedside hand hygiene program in Vietnam](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/2007/05/01/reduction-in-surgical-site-infections-in-neurosurgical-patients-associated-with-a-bedside-hand-hygiene-program-in-vietnam/) - Abstract OBJECTIVE: We conducted an intervention study to assess the impact of the use of an alcohol-chlorhexidine-based hand sanitizer on surgical site infection (SSI) rates among neurosurgical patients in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.DESIGN: A quasi-experimental study with an untreated control group and assessment of neurosurgical patients admitted to 2 neurosurgical wards at Cho Ray
- [The Lowbury Lecture. The United States approach to strategies in the battle against healthcare-associated infections, 2006: transitioning from benchmarking to zero tolerance and clinician accountability](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/2007/06/01/the-lowbury-lecture-the-united-states-approach-to-strategies-in-the-battle-against-healthcare-associated-infections-2006-transitioning-from-benchmarking-to-zero-tolerance-and-clinician-accountabili/) - Abstract Approximately 2,000,000 healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) annually occur in US healthcare facilities and lead to approximately 60,000 90,000 deaths and cost $17 29 billion dollars. Such HAIs are an equal, if not more common problem, worldwide. Many evidence-based HAI prevention guidelines exist. However, despite knowing what to do, the challenge remains of getting clinicians to
- [National prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in inpatients at US health care facilities, 2006](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/2007/12/01/national-prevalence-of-methicillin-resistant-staphylococcus-aureus-in-inpatients-at-us-health-care-facilities-2006/) - Abstract BACKGROUND: Despite methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) being endemic in virtually all US health care facilities, there are no data on the prevalence of MRSA in US health care facilities.METHODS: We conducted a national prevalence survey of MRSA in inpatients at US health care facilities. The survey was developed, received institutional review board approval, and
- [Universal screening for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus by hospitals](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/2008/08/01/universal-screening-for-methicillin-resistant-staphylococcus-aureus-by-hospitals/) - Abstract Jarvis WR, Muto C JAMA 2008 Aug;300(5):504; author reply 504-6 PMID: 18677021
- [Reprocessing and reuse of single-use medical devices used during hemodynamic procedures in Brazil: a widespread and largely overlooked problem](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/2008/09/01/reprocessing-and-reuse-of-single-use-medical-devices-used-during-hemodynamic-procedures-in-brazil-a-widespread-and-largely-overlooked-problem/) - Abstract BACKGROUND: Several medical devices used during hemodynamic procedures, particularly angiographic diagnostic and therapeutic cardiac catheters, are manufactured for single use only. However, reprocessing and reuse of these devices has been reported, to determine the frequency of reuse and reprocessing of single-use medical devices used during hemodynamic procedures in Brazil and to evaluate how reprocessing
- [Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: misinterpretation and misrepresentation of active detection and isolation](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/2008/11/01/methicillin-resistant-staphylococcus-aureus-misinterpretation-and-misrepresentation-of-active-detection-and-isolation/) - Abstract Farr BM, Jarvis WR Clin. Infect. Dis. 2008 Nov;47(9):1238-9; author reply 1239-40 PMID: 18831705
- [Gram-negative bloodstream infections in hematopoietic stem cell transplant patients: the roles of needleless device use, bathing practices, and catheter care](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/2009/05/01/gram-negative-bloodstream-infections-in-hematopoietic-stem-cell-transplant-patients-the-roles-of-needleless-device-use-bathing-practices-and-catheter-care/) - Abstract BACKGROUND: Between August 1 and October 30, 1998 (outbreak period), an increased incidence of central venous catheter (CVC)-associated gram-negative bacterial bloodstream infection (GN-BSI) was detected in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) candidates and recipients in an outpatient HSCT unit. The objectives of the present study were to determine strategies for controlling the outbreak and
- [Why we disagree with the analysis of Wenzel et al](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/2009/05/01/why-we-disagree-with-the-analysis-of-wenzel-et-al/) - Abstract Farr BM, Jarvis WR Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2009 May;30(5):497-9; author reply 499-500 PMID: 19344270
- [National point prevalence of Clostridium difficile in US health care facility inpatients, 2008](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/2009/05/01/national-point-prevalence-of-clostridium-difficile-in-us-health-care-facility-inpatients-2008/) - Abstract BACKGROUND: Recent published estimates of Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) incidence have been based on small numbers of hospitals or national hospital discharge data. These data suggest that CDI incidence is increasing.METHODS: We conducted a point prevalence survey of C difficile in inpatients at US health care facilities. The survey was developed, received Institutional Review
- [Decision instrument for the isolation of pneumonia patients with suspected pulmonary tuberculosis admitted through US emergency departments](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/2009/05/01/decision-instrument-for-the-isolation-of-pneumonia-patients-with-suspected-pulmonary-tuberculosis-admitted-through-us-emergency-departments/) - Abstract STUDY OBJECTIVE: Many patients with pneumonia are admitted to respiratory isolation for possible tuberculosis (TB), but most do not have active TB. We created a decision instrument to predict which pneumonia patients do not need admission to a TB isolation bed.METHODS: The design was a prospective case series conducted in 11 university-affiliated, urban, US
- [Prevention of central venous catheter-associated bloodstream infections in pediatric intensive care units: a performance improvement collaborative](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/2009/07/01/prevention-of-central-venous-catheter-associated-bloodstream-infections-in-pediatric-intensive-care-units-a-performance-improvement-collaborative/) - Abstract OBJECTIVE: The goal of this effort was to reduce central venous catheter (CVC)-associated bloodstream infections (BSIs) in pediatric intensive care unit (ICU) patients by means of a multicenter evidence-based intervention.METHODS: An observational study was conducted in 26 freestanding children's hospitals with pediatric or cardiac ICUs that joined a Child Health Corporation of America collaborative.
- [Healthcare-associated infection in Italy: annual point-prevalence surveys, 2002-2004](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/2009/07/01/healthcare-associated-infection-in-italy-annual-point-prevalence-surveys-2002-2004/) - Abstract OBJECTIVE: Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) are an important cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. During the period from 2002 through 2004, a group of Italian hospitals was recruited to conduct HAI point-prevalence surveys.DESIGN: Three point-prevalence surveys.METHODS: A total of 9,609 patients were surveyed.RESULTS: The overall frequency of HAI was 6.7% (645 infections among the 9,609
- [Searching many guidelines for how best to control methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus healthcare-associated spread and infection](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/2009/08/01/searching-many-guidelines-for-how-best-to-control-methicillin-resistant-staphylococcus-aureus-healthcare-associated-spread-and-infection/) - Abstract Farr BM, Jarvis WR Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2009 Aug;30(8):808-9 PMID: 19591585
- [What works and what doesn't for the control of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection: dogma and data](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/2009/09/15/what-works-and-what-doesnt-for-the-control-of-methicillin-resistant-staphylococcus-aureus-infection-dogma-and-data/) - Abstract Farr BM, Jarvis WR Clin. Infect. Dis. 2009 Sep;49(6):987-8; author reply 989-90 PMID: 19694537
- [Health care-associated bloodstream infections associated with negative- or positive-pressure or displacement mechanical valve needleless connectors](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/2009/12/15/health-care-associated-bloodstream-infections-associated-with-negative-or-positive-pressure-or-displacement-mechanical-valve-needleless-connectors/) - Abstract BACKGROUND: Health care-associated, central venous catheter-related bloodstream infections (HA-BSIs) are a major cause of morbidity and mortality. Needleless connectors (NCs) are an important component of the intravenous system. NCs initially were introduced to reduce health care worker needlestick injuries, yet some of these NCs may increase HA-BSI risk.METHODS: We compared HA-BSI rates on wards
- [Prevention and control of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: dealing with reality, resistance, and resistance to reality](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/2010/01/15/prevention-and-control-of-methicillin-resistant-staphylococcus-aureus-dealing-with-reality-resistance-and-resistance-to-reality/) - Abstract Jarvis WR Clin. Infect. Dis. 2010 Jan;50(2):218-20 PMID: 20001538
- [Prevention of surgical-site infections](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/2010/04/22/prevention-of-surgical-site-infections/) - Abstract Farr BM, Jarvis WR N. Engl. J. Med. 2010 Apr;362(16):1541; author reply 1542-4 PMID: 20414961
- [Guidelines on blood cultures](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/2010/08/01/guidelines-on-blood-cultures/) - Abstract Just over one-third of sepsis patients have positive blood cultures, mainly due to inadequate sampling volumes (50% of adults have < 1.0 CFU/mL blood) and the prior use of antibiotics. However, 20-30% of sepsis patients are given inappropriate empirical antibiotics. The Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines recommend paired culture sets to help discriminate
- [Risk factors and risk adjustment for surgical site infections in pediatric cardiothoracic surgery patients](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/2010/11/01/risk-factors-and-risk-adjustment-for-surgical-site-infections-in-pediatric-cardiothoracic-surgery-patients/) - Abstract BACKGROUND: The complexity of congenital cardiac defects and the aggressive medical management required to support patients through their recovery place children at high risk for surgical site infection (SSI).METHODS: We conducted a retrospective review of children undergoing cardiothoracic surgery at a tertiary care referral center between January 1, 2000, and June 30, 2001. Preoperative,
- [Transmission of resistant bacteria in intensive care](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/2011/08/25/transmission-of-resistant-bacteria-in-intensive-care/) - Abstract Farr BM, Jarvis WR N. Engl. J. Med. 2011 Aug;365(8):762; author reply 764-5 PMID: 21864176
- [Socioeconomic impact on device-associated infections in limited-resource neonatal intensive care units: findings of the INICC](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/2011/10/01/socioeconomic-impact-on-device-associated-infections-in-limited-resource-neonatal-intensive-care-units-findings-of-the-inicc/) - Abstract PURPOSE: To evaluate the impact of country socioeconomic status and hospital type on device-associated healthcare-associated infections (DA-HAIs) in neonatal intensive care units (NICUs).METHODS: Data were collected on DA-HAIs from September 2003 to February 2010 on 13,251 patients in 30 NICUs in 15 countries. DA-HAIs were defined using criteria formulated by the Centers for Disease
- [Economic impact of use of chlorhexidine-impregnated sponge dressing for prevention of central line-associated infections in the United States](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/2011/10/01/economic-impact-of-use-of-chlorhexidine-impregnated-sponge-dressing-for-prevention-of-central-line-associated-infections-in-the-united-states/) - Abstract BACKGROUND: The economic impact of adding chlorhexidine gluconate (CHG)-impregnated sponge dressing to standard care (ie, chg-impregnated sponge dressing + skin preparation and transparent film dressing vs skin preparation and transparent film dressing) for the prevention of central-line infections was evaluated.METHODS: Clinical and economic data were obtained from peer-reviewed published studies to populate the decision
- [Health care-associated infection outbreak investigations by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1946-2005](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/2011/12/01/health-care-associated-infection-outbreak-investigations-by-the-centers-for-disease-control-and-prevention-1946-2005/) - Abstract Since 1946, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) personnel have investigated outbreaks of infections and adverse events associated with delivery of health care. CDC Epidemic Intelligence Service officers have led onsite investigations of these outbreaks by systematically applying epidemiology, statistics, and laboratory science. During 1946-2005, CDC Epidemic Intelligence Service officers conducted 531 outbreak
- [National prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in inpatients at United States health care facilities, 2010](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/2012/04/01/national-prevalence-of-methicillin-resistant-staphylococcus-aureus-in-inpatients-at-united-states-health-care-facilities-2010/) - Abstract BACKGROUND: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) remains one of the most prevalent multidrug-resistant organisms causing health care-associated infections. Limited data are available about how the prevalence of MRSA has changed over the past several years and what MRSA prevention practices have been implemented since the 2006 Association for Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology, Inc,
- [Comparative efficacy of commercially available alcohol-based hand rubs and World Health Organization-recommended hand rubs: formulation matters](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/2012/08/01/comparative-efficacy-of-commercially-available-alcohol-based-hand-rubs-and-world-health-organization-recommended-hand-rubs-formulation-matters/) - Abstract BACKGROUND: Use of alcohol-based hand rubs (ABHRs) effectively reduces transmission of pathogenic microorganisms. However, the impact of alcohol concentration and format on product efficacy is currently being debated.METHODS: Two novel ABHR formulations containing 70% ethanol were evaluated according to American Society for Testing and Materials E1174 (Health Care Personnel Handwash [HCPHW]) and European Norm
- [Colonization pressure as a risk factor for colonization by multiresistant Acinetobacter spp and carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa in an intensive care unit](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/2013/01/01/colonization-pressure-as-a-risk-factor-for-colonization-by-multiresistant-acinetobacter-spp-and-carbapenem-resistant-pseudomonas-aeruginosa-in-an-intensive-care-unit/) - Abstract OBJECTIVE: To determine factors associated with colonization by carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa and multiresistant Acinetobacter spp.METHODS: Surveillance cultures were collected from patients admitted to the intensive care unit at admission, on the third day after admission and weekly until discharge. The outcome was colonization by these pathogens. Two interventions were implemented: education and the introduction

## Pages

- [Jason and Jarvis Associates, LLC](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/) - Jason and Jarvis Associates is a private consulting firm. It was formed by two senior physician-scientists, following 23 years of research, policy making, and teaching at the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), as officers in the U.S. Public Health Service. Drs. Jason and Jarvis were also on the faculty of Emory University
- [Who We Are / Areas of Expertise](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/who-we-are/)
- [Contact us](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/contact-us/) - Get in touch with us about Consulting, Lecturing, and WritingLegal Expert Assistance in Select Cases Major topic areas: Clinical and Research Medicine, including Epidemiology, Pediatrics, Infectious Diseases, HIV/AIDS, Immunology, Infection Control, Healthcare Epidemiology, Patient Safety, Blood Product Safety, Medical Device Safety, Needlestick Injuries, Public Health, and Healthcare Cost Assessment Dr. Jarvis and Dr. Jason travel
- [Mainstream Publications by Janine Jason](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/mainstream-publications-by-janine-jason/) - Reunions A bildungsroman flavored with romance, action, & suspense Dr. Brad Lewis is an egocentric, charismatic physician who's devoted to his patients but obsessed with achieving scientific success. When his neglected wife divorces him, he becomes irrational and kidnaps their young daughter. In Reunions, Brad's drive for academic fame fights with his desire for

## Resumes

- [Dr. William R. Jarvis](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/resume/dr-william-r-jarvis/)
- [Dr. Janine Jason](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/resume/dr-janine-jason/)

## Categories

- [William R. Jarvis, M.D.](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/author/dr-jarvis/)
- [Janine Jason, M.D.](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/author/dr-jason/)

## Tags

- [Patient Safety](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/patients/)
- [Surveillance](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/surveillance/)
- [Bacterial Infections](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/bacterial-infections/)
- [Immunology](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/immunology/)
- [Epidemiology](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/epidemiology/)
- [Outbreaks](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/outbreaks/)
- [Needlestick Injuries](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/needlestick-injuries/)
- [HIV/AIDS](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/hiv-aids/)
- [Infectious Diseases](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/infectious-diseases/)
- [Bloodstream Infections](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/bloodstream-infections/)
- [Surgical Site Infections](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/surgical-site-infections/)
- [Fungal Infections](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/fungal-infections/)
- [Infant Feeding](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/infant-feeding/)
- [Cronobacter](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/cronobacter/)
- [sakazakii](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/sakazakii/)
- [infant formula](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/infant-formula/)
- [neonatal infection](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/neonatal-infection/)
- [blood borne infections](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/blood-borne-infections/)
- [diabetes](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/diabetes/)
- [injection](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/injection/)
- [prevention](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/prevention/)
- [cost assessment](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/cost-assessment/)
- [HCV](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/hcv/)
- [HBV](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/hbv/)
- [Hepatitis B](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/hepatitis-b/)
- [Hepatitis C](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/hepatitis-c/)
- [PCOS](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/pcos/)
- [polycystic ovary syndrome](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/polycystic-ovary-syndrome/)
- [obesity](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/obesity/)
- [cost estimation](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/cost-estimation/)
- [healthcare costs](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/healthcare-costs/)
- [pediatric infections](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/pediatric-infections/)
- [cytokine](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/cytokine/)
- [cytometry](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/cytometry/)
- [T lymphocytes](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/t-lymphocytes/)
- [HHV-8](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/hhv-8/)
- [herpes virus](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/herpes-virus/)
- [Kaposi's sarcoma](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/kaposis-sarcoma/)
- [tuberculosis](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/tuberculosis/)
- [BCG](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/bcg/)
- [BCG vaccine](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/bcg-vaccine/)
- [cytokine BCG scar](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/cytokine-bcg-scar/)
- [T-cell](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/t-cell/)
- [vitamin A](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/vitamin-a/)
- [cytokine profile](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/cytokine-profile/)
- [BCG scar](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/bcg-scar/)
- [NK](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/nk/)
- [CD8](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/cd8/)
- [CD4](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/cd4/)
- [immune development](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/immune-development/)
- [cytokine balance](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/cytokine-balance/)
- [IFN](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/ifn/)
- [IL-8](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/il-8/)
- [immunosenescence](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/immunosenescence/)
- [interleukin](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/interleukin/)
- [iron deficiency](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/iron-deficiency/)
- [transferrin receptor](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/transferrin-receptor/)
- [TfR](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/tfr/)
- [interferon](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/interferon/)
- [IL-6](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/il-6/)
- [CD38](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/cd38/)
- [HLA DR](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/hla-dr/)
- [TNF](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/tnf/)
- [Il-4](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/il-4/)
- [intracellular cytokine](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/intracellular-cytokine/)
- [malaria](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/malaria/)
- [cell-specific cytokine](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/cell-specific-cytokine/)
- [serum cytokine](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/serum-cytokine/)
- [pediatric immunity](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/pediatric-immunity/)
- [IL-10](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/il-10/)
- [IL-2](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/il-2/)
- [HAART](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/haart/)
- [HIV treatment](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/hiv-treatment/)
- [CD3](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/cd3/)
- [type 1 immunity](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/type-1-immunity/)
- [type 2 immunity](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/type-2-immunity/)
- [PHA](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/pha/)
- [HIV Rev](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/hiv-rev/)
- [Nef](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/nef/)
- [cd](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/cd/)
- [superantigen](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/superantigen/)
- [TCR](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/tcr/)
- [T-cell receptor](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/t-cell-receptor/)
- [gp41](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/gp41/)
- [V beta](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/v-beta/)
- [HIV antigen](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/hiv-antigen/)
- [gamma delta](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/gamma-delta/)
- [natural killer](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/natural-killer/)
- [natural T cell](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/natural-t-cell/)
- [mycobacteria](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/mycobacteria/)
- [salmonella](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/salmonella/)
- [ConA](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/cona/)
- [anti-CD3](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/anti-cd3/)
- [mitogen](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/mitogen/)
- [surface CD4](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/surface-cd4/)
- [surface CD8](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/surface-cd8/)
- [surface CD3](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/surface-cd3/)
- [cytoplasmic CD4](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/cytoplasmic-cd4/)
- [cytoplasmic CD3](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/cytoplasmic-cd3/)
- [cytoplasmic CD8](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/cytoplasmic-cd8/)
- [HIV p24](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/hiv-p24/)
- [CD25](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/cd25/)
- [CD80](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/cd80/)
- [CD86](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/cd86/)
- [opportunistic](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/opportunistic/)
- [type 1 cytokine](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/type-1-cytokine/)
- [type 2 cytokine](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/type-2-cytokine/)
- [Kawasaki](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/kawasaki/)
- [IVIG](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/ivig/)
- [CD19](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/cd19/)
- [CD71](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/cd71/)
- [cytoplasmic cytokine](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/cytoplasmic-cytokine/)
- [gp120](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/gp120/)
- [gp160](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/gp160/)
- [reverse transcriptase](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/reverse-transcriptase/)
- [p25](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/p25/)
- [Rev](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/rev/)
- [Vpx](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/vpx/)
- [hemophilia](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/hemophilia/)
- [immunity](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/immunity/)
- [hemophilia-AIDS](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/hemophilia-aids/)
- [health communications](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/health-communications/)
- [healthcare-associated HIV](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/healthcare-associated-hiv/)
- [healthcare worker safety](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/healthcare-worker-safety/)
- [health education](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/health-education/)
- [health media messages](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/health-media-messages/)
- [PSA efficacy](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/psa-efficacy/)
- [efficacy](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/efficacy/)
- [assessment](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/assessment/)
- [intravenous drug use](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/intravenous-drug-use/)
- [IVDU](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/ivdu/)
- [media health messages](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/media-health-messages/)
- [type 2 profile](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/type-2-profile/)
- [natural killer cells](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/natural-killer-cells/)
- [type 1 profile](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/type-1-profile/)
- [vitamin A deficiency](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/vitamin-a-deficiency/)
- [Public service announcements](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/public-service-announcements/)
- [PSA](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/psa/)
- [evaluation](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/evaluation/)
- [public health](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/public-health/)
- [parent-child communication](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/parent-child-communication/)
- [National Health Interview Survey](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/national-health-interview-survey/)
- [efficacy testing](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/efficacy-testing/)
- [effectiveness testing](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/effectiveness-testing/)
- [public health media campaign](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/public-health-media-campaign/)
- [message targeting](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/message-targeting/)
- [pediatrics](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/pediatrics/)
- [breastfeeding](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/breastfeeding/)
- [infant health](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/infant-health/)
- [neonatal health](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/neonatal-health/)
- [newborn health](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/newborn-health/)
- [nutrition](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/nutrition/)
- [sexually transmitted diseases](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/sexually-transmitted-diseases/)
- [child health](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/child-health/)
- [prematurity](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/prematurity/)
- [parenting](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/parenting/)
- [newborn](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/newborn/)
- [child abuse](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/child-abuse/)
- [sexual abuse](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/sexual-abuse/)
- [HIV testing](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/hiv-testing/)
- [child neglect](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/child-neglect/)
- [PCR](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/pcr/)
- [serology](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/serology/)
- [HIV antibody](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/hiv-antibody/)
- [factor concentrate](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/factor-concentrate/)
- [heat-treat](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/heat-treat/)
- [healthcare-associated infection](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/healthcare-associated-infection/)
- [HIV serology](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/hiv-serology/)
- [age](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/age/)
- [hemophilia A](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/hemophilia-a/)
- [hemophilia B](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/hemophilia-b/)
- [clotting factor](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/clotting-factor/)
- [HSV](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/hsv/)
- [perinatal HIV](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/perinatal-hiv/)
- [neonate](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/neonate/)
- [pediatric HIV](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/pediatric-hiv/)
- [breast feed](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/breast-feed/)
- [breast milk](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/breast-milk/)
- [HTLV](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/htlv/)
- [ELISA](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/elisa/)
- [RIPA](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/ripa/)
- [transfusion](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/transfusion/)
- [factor VIII](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/factor-viii/)
- [factor IX](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/factor-ix/)
- [immunoblot](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/immunoblot/)
- [blood product](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/blood-product/)
- [comprehensive health care](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/comprehensive-health-care/)
- [hemophilia treatment](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/hemophilia-treatment/)
- [geographic variability](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/geographic-variability/)
- [STD](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/std/)
- [inactivated factor](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/inactivated-factor/)
- [HIV DNA](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/hiv-dna/)
- [seroconversion](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/seroconversion/)
- [window period](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/window-period/)
- [p24](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/p24/)
- [gag](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/gag/)
- [env](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/env/)
- [Markov model](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/markov-model/)
- [modelling](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/modelling/)
- [antigen-capture](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/antigen-capture/)
- [enzyme immunoassay](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/enzyme-immunoassay/)
- [infant mortality](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/infant-mortality/)
- [neonatal mortality](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/neonatal-mortality/)
- [low birthweight](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/low-birthweight/)
- [LBW](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/lbw/)
- [infectious disease](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/infectious-disease/)
- [race](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/race/)
- [chorioamnionitis](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/chorioamnionitis/)
- [sepsis](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/sepsis/)
- [respiratory tract infection](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/respiratory-tract-infection/)
- [pneumonia](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/pneumonia/)
- [heterosexual transmission](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/heterosexual-transmission/)
- [serosurvey](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/serosurvey/)
- [survey](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/survey/)
- [perinatal infection](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/perinatal-infection/)
- [patient education](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/patient-education/)
- [health communication](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/health-communication/)
- [HIV](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/hiv/)
- [human immunodeficiency virus](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/human-immunodeficiency-virus/)
- [AIDS](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/aids/)
- [acquired immunodeficiency syndrome](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/acquired-immunodeficiency-syndrome/)
- [Kaplan-Meier analysis](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/kaplan-meier-analysis/)
- [latency period](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/latency-period/)
- [survival analysis](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/survival-analysis/)
- [cofactor](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/cofactor/)
- [risk factor](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/risk-factor/)
- [growth](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/growth/)
- [development](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/development/)
- [mortality](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/mortality/)
- [Pneumocystis](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/pneumocystis/)
- [fatality ratio](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/fatality-ratio/)
- [pediatric](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/pediatric/)
- [case definition](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/case-definition/)
- [HIV dementia](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/hiv-dementia/)
- [HIV wasting syndrome](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/hiv-wasting-syndrome/)
- [case-control study](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/case-control-study/)
- [NEC](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/nec/)
- [necrotizing enterocolitis](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/necrotizing-enterocolitis/)
- [NICU](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/nicu/)
- [newborn intensive care unit](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/newborn-intensive-care-unit/)
- [outbreak](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/outbreak/)
- [premature](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/premature/)
- [knowledge assessment](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/knowledge-assessment/)
- [neonatal](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/neonatal/)
- [transmission](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/transmission/)
- [disease spectrum](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/disease-spectrum/)
- [T-cell subsets](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/t-cell-subsets/)
- [cohort study](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/cohort-study/)
- [matched cohort study](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/matched-cohort-study/)
- [parvovirus](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/parvovirus/)
- [B19](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/b19/)
- [erythema infectiosum](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/erythema-infectiosum/)
- [aplastic crisis](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/aplastic-crisis/)
- [attack rate](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/attack-rate/)
- [secondary attack rate](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/secondary-attack-rate/)
- [Fifth disease](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/fifth-disease/)
- [salivary exposure](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/salivary-exposure/)
- [resuscitation exposure](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/resuscitation-exposure/)
- [human T-cell leukemia virus](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/human-t-cell-leukemia-virus/)
- [thalassemia](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/thalassemia/)
- [concentrates](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/concentrates/)
- [blood product-associated infection](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/blood-product-associated-infection/)
- [transfusion-associated infection](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/transfusion-associated-infection/)
- [cryoprecipitate](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/cryoprecipitate/)
- [seroconversion risk](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/seroconversion-risk/)
- [cystic fibrosis](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/cystic-fibrosis/)
- [pseudomonas](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/pseudomonas/)
- [cepacia](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/cepacia/)
- [colonization](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/colonization/)
- [sickle cell anemia](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/sickle-cell-anemia/)
- [red blood cells](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/red-blood-cells/)
- [RBC](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/rbc/)
- [lymphocyte count](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/lymphocyte-count/)
- [adult T-cell leukemia](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/adult-t-cell-leukemia/)
- [ATL](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/atl/)
- [cellular blood products](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/cellular-blood-products/)
- [seroprevalence](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/seroprevalence/)
- [feeding mode](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/feeding-mode/)
- [formula marketing](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/formula-marketing/)
- [international code](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/international-code/)
- [breast-milk substitutes](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/breast-milk-substitutes/)
- [intravenous drug abuse](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/intravenous-drug-abuse/)
- [intravenous drug user](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/intravenous-drug-user/)
- [homosexual transmission](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/homosexual-transmission/)
- [occupational transmission](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/occupational-transmission/)
- [needlestick injury](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/needlestick-injury/)
- [transmission modes](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/transmission-modes/)
- [physical abuse](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/physical-abuse/)
- [physical child abuse](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/physical-child-abuse/)
- [sexual child abuse](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/sexual-child-abuse/)
- [emotional child abuse](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/emotional-child-abuse/)
- [chlamydia](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/chlamydia/)
- [syphilis](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/syphilis/)
- [Viral Herpes](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/viral-herpes/)
- [Genital infections](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/genital-infections/)
- [therapy](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/therapy/)
- [Human Papillomavirus](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/human-papillomavirus/)
- [HPV](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/hpv/)
- [Pelvic Inflammatory Disease](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/pelvic-inflammatory-disease/)
- [PID](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/pid/)
- [Trichomoniasis](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/trichomoniasis/)
- [battered child syndrome](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/battered-child-syndrome/)
- [enteric disease](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/enteric-disease/)
- [gastrointestinal infection](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/gastrointestinal-infection/)
- [diarrhea](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/diarrhea/)
- [respiratory infection](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/respiratory-infection/)
- [homicide](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/homicide/)
- [violence](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/violence/)
- [risk factors](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/risk-factors/)
- [cluster](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/cluster/)
- [matched case-control study](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/matched-case-control-study/)
- [child mortality](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/child-mortality/)
- [fatal child abuse](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/fatal-child-abuse/)
- [thymic epithelium](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/thymic-epithelium/)
- [HLA](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/hla/)
- [MHC](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/mhc/)
- [self-recognition](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/self-recognition/)
- [self-antigens](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/self-antigens/)
- [thymocytes](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/thymocytes/)
- [T-cell development](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/t-cell-development/)
- [thymocyte development](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/thymocyte-development/)
- [T-lymphocyte development](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/t-lymphocyte-development/)
- [T-cells](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/t-cells/)
- [antigen-presenting cells](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/antigen-presenting-cells/)
- [dendritic cells](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/dendritic-cells/)
- [child homicide](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/child-homicide/)
- [suicide](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/suicide/)
- [intrafamilial violence](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/intrafamilial-violence/)
- [extrafamilial violence](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/extrafamilial-violence/)
- [primary homicide](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/primary-homicide/)
- [secondary homicide](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/secondary-homicide/)
- [violence-associated mortality](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/violence-associated-mortality/)
- [neonaticide](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/neonaticide/)
- [infanticide](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/infanticide/)
- [filicide](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/filicide/)
- [characteristics](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/characteristics/)
- [law enforcement data](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/law-enforcement-data/)
- [T-cell ratio](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/t-cell-ratio/)
- [intrafamilial homicide](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/intrafamilial-homicide/)
- [extrafamilial homicide](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/extrafamilial-homicide/)
- [Adolescent](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/adolescent/)
- [Adult](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/adult/)
- [Age Specific Death Rate](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/age-specific-death-rate/)
- [America](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/america/)
- [Cause of death](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/cause-of-death/)
- [Child](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/child/)
- [Comparative Study](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/comparative-study/)
- [Crime](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/crime/)
- [Death Certificates](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/death-certificates/)
- [Death Rate](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/death-rate/)
- [Death Records](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/death-records/)
- [Demographic Factor](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/demographic-factor/)
- [Developed Countries](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/developed-countries/)
- [Error Sources](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/error-sources/)
- [Humans](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/humans/)
- [Infant](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/infant/)
- [Measurement](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/measurement/)
- [North America](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/north-america/)
- [Northern America](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/northern-america/)
- [Population](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/population/)
- [Population Dynamics](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/population-dynamics/)
- [Population Statistics](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/population-statistics/)
- [Preschool Child](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/preschool-child/)
- [Reliability](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/reliability/)
- [Research Methodology](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/research-methodology/)
- [Social Problems](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/social-problems/)
- [Undercount](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/undercount/)
- [United States](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/united-states/)
- [Vital Statistics](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/vital-statistics/)
- [Wounds and Injuries](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/wounds-and-injuries/)
- [gonorrhea](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/gonorrhea/)
- [herpes simplex](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/herpes-simplex/)
- [venereal warts](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/venereal-warts/)
- [Chlamydia trachomatis](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/chlamydia-trachomatis/)
- [Ureaplasma urealyticum](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/ureaplasma-urealyticum/)
- [cytomegalovirus](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/cytomegalovirus/)
- [clinical](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/clinical/)
- [diagnosis](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/diagnosis/)
- [management](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/management/)
- [prophylaxis](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/prophylaxis/)
- [treatment](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/treatment/)
- [symptoms](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/symptoms/)
- [behavioral symptoms](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/behavioral-symptoms/)
- [Bacterial Vaginosis](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/bacterial-vaginosis/)
- [BV](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/bv/)
- [Hepatitis](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/hepatitis/)
- [Trichomonas vaginalis](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/trichomonas-vaginalis/)
- [education](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/education/)
- [feeding](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/feeding/)
- [neonatology](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/neonatology/)
- [child care](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/child-care/)
- [infant care](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/infant-care/)
- [pulmonary](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/pulmonary/)
- [gastrointestinal](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/gastrointestinal/)
- [neurological](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/neurological/)
- [complications](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/complications/)
- [medical](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/medical/)
- [Immunodeficiency](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/immunodeficiency/)
- [outcome](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/outcome/)
- [injury](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/injury/)
- [injuries](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/injuries/)
- [morbidity](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/morbidity/)
- [trauma](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/trauma/)
- [fracture](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/fracture/)
- [head injury](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/head-injury/)
- [brain damage](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/brain-damage/)
- [B-cell](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/b-cell/)
- [differentiation](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/differentiation/)
- [suppressor](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/suppressor/)
- [T-lymphocyte](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/t-lymphocyte/)
- [hypogammaglobulinemia](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/hypogammaglobulinemia/)
- [diphenylhydantoin](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/diphenylhydantoin/)
- [antibody deficiency](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/antibody-deficiency/)
- [acquired immunodeficiency](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/acquired-immunodeficiency/)
- [secondary immunodeficiency](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/secondary-immunodeficiency/)
- [drug reaction](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/drug-reaction/)
- [phenytoin](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/phenytoin/)
- [drug complication](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/drug-complication/)
- [medication complication](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/medication-complication/)
- [reporting bias](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/reporting-bias/)
- [reporting](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/reporting/)
- [major histocompatibility complex](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/major-histocompatibility-complex/)
- [hapten](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/hapten/)
- [specificity](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/specificity/)
- [antigen-binding receptor](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/antigen-binding-receptor/)
- [Mls-locus](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/mls-locus/)
- [self-reactive T-cells](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/self-reactive-t-cells/)
- [thymus](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/thymus/)
- [tolerance](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/tolerance/)
- [helper T cell](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/helper-t-cell/)
- [idiotype](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/idiotype/)
- [Fc receptor](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/fc-receptor/)
- [leukemia](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/leukemia/)
- [prognostic marker](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/prognostic-marker/)
- [characterization](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/characterization/)
- [tumor marker](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/tumor-marker/)
- [cancer](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/cancer/)
- [acute lymphoblastic leukemia](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/acute-lymphoblastic-leukemia/)
- [ALL](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/all/)
- [acute myeloblastic leukemia](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/acute-myeloblastic-leukemia/)
- [AML](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/aml/)
- [acute monomyelocytic leukemia](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/acute-monomyelocytic-leukemia/)
- [AMML](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/amml/)
- [acute undifferentiated leukemia](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/acute-undifferentiated-leukemia/)
- [AVL](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/avl/)
- [radioimmunoassay](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/radioimmunoassay/)
- [human thymus/leukemia-associated antigen](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/human-thymusleukemia-associated-antigen/)
- [HThy-L](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/hthy-l/)
- [hematopoietic cells](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/hematopoietic-cells/)
- [precursor cell](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/precursor-cell/)
- [marker](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/marker/)
- [ataxia](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/ataxia/)
- [telangiectasia](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/telangiectasia/)
- [ataxia-telangiectasia](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/ataxia-telangiectasia/)
- [neurological disease](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/neurological-disease/)
- [neurology](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/neurology/)
- [endocrinological defects](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/endocrinological-defects/)
- [endocrinology](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/endocrinology/)
- [oculomotor](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/oculomotor/)
- [immune](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/immune/)
- [endocrine](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/endocrine/)
- [alpha-fetoprotein](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/alpha-fetoprotein/)
- [chomosome](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/chomosome/)
- [pulmonary infection](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/pulmonary-infection/)
- [malnutrition](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/malnutrition/)
- [pediatric mortality](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/pediatric-mortality/)
- [developing countries](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/developing-countries/)
- [less developed countries](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/less-developed-countries/)
- [empiric antibiotics](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/empiric-antibiotics/)
- [mycobacteremia](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/mycobacteremia/)
- [fungemia](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/fungemia/)
- [Africa](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/africa/)
- [ORF65](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/orf65/)
- [K8.1](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/k8-1/)
- [natural T-cells](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/natural-t-cells/)
- [NT](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/nt/)
- [tumor necrosis factor](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/tumor-necrosis-factor/)
- [continuous response](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/continuous-response/)
- [sex](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/sex/)
- [gender](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/gender/)
- [low literacy populaiton](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/low-literacy-populaiton/)
- [data collection](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/data-collection/)
- [survey technique](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/survey-technique/)
- [perceived risk](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/perceived-risk/)
- [automated measurement](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/automated-measurement/)
- [rapid monitoring](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/rapid-monitoring/)
- [humoral immunity](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/humoral-immunity/)
- [cellular immunity](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/cellular-immunity/)
- [Th1](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/th1/)
- [Th2](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/th2/)
- [correlation](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/correlation/)
- [correlation coefficient](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/correlation-coefficient/)
- [HIV plasma RNA](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/hiv-plasma-rna/)
- [viral titer](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/viral-titer/)
- [naive T-cell](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/naive-t-cell/)
- [memory T-cell](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/memory-t-cell/)
- [activated T-cell](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/activated-t-cell/)
- [CD45](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/cd45/)
- [viral copies](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/viral-copies/)
- [temporal analysis](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/temporal-analysis/)
- [blood born pathogen](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/blood-born-pathogen/)
- [variable beta chain](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/variable-beta-chain/)
- [phytohemagglutinin](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/phytohemagglutinin/)
- [concanavalin A](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/concanavalin-a/)
- [HLADR](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/hladr/)
- [CD28](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/cd28/)
- [allorecognition](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/allorecognition/)
- [CTLA-4](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/ctla-4/)
- [CD14](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/cd14/)
- [opportunistic infections](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/opportunistic-infections/)
- [fungi](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/fungi/)
- [gram-positive bacteria](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/gram-positive-bacteria/)
- [gram-negative bacteria](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/gram-negative-bacteria/)
- [bacteremia](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/bacteremia/)
- [m. avium](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/m-avium/)
- [antigen presentation](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/antigen-presentation/)
- [surface cytokines](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/surface-cytokines/)
- [surface T-cell antigen](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/surface-t-cell-antigen/)
- [cytoplasmic T-cell antigens](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/cytoplasmic-t-cell-antigens/)
- [pediatric infection](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/pediatric-infection/)
- [pediatric syndrome](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/pediatric-syndrome/)
- [vasculitis](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/vasculitis/)
- [intravenous gammaglobulin](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/intravenous-gammaglobulin/)
- [comparison study](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/comparison-study/)
- [temporal assessment](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/temporal-assessment/)
- [Phytohaemagglutinin](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/phytohaemagglutinin/)
- [interleukin-2](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/interleukin-2/)
- [monoclonal](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/monoclonal/)
- [T-cell antigen](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/t-cell-antigen/)
- [autoimmune disease](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/autoimmune-disease/)
- [multiple sclerosis](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/multiple-sclerosis/)
- [pediatric infectious diseases](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/pediatric-infectious-diseases/)
- [vaccine](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/vaccine/)
- [vaccination](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/vaccination/)
- [immune profile](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/immune-profile/)
- [HIV infection](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/hiv-infection/)
- [anergy](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/anergy/)
- [CD4 counts](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/cd4-counts/)
- [serum IgA](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/serum-iga/)
- [vaccine titer](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/vaccine-titer/)
- [bacterial vaccine](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/bacterial-vaccine/)
- [rubella vaccine](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/rubella-vaccine/)
- [measles vaccine](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/measles-vaccine/)
- [pre-adolescent](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/pre-adolescent/)
- [immunoglobulin G](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/immunoglobulin-g/)
- [IgG](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/igg/)
- [stepwise logistic regression](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/stepwise-logistic-regression/)
- [skin test anergy](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/skin-test-anergy/)
- [factor deficiency](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/factor-deficiency/)
- [vaccine antigens](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/vaccine-antigens/)
- [immunoglobulin](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/immunoglobulin/)
- [IgA](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/iga/)
- [IgM](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/igm/)
- [vaccine seroprevalence rate](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/vaccine-seroprevalence-rate/)
- [diphtheria toxoid](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/diphtheria-toxoid/)
- [measles](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/measles/)
- [mumps](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/mumps/)
- [preadolescent](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/preadolescent/)
- [skin test reactivity](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/skin-test-reactivity/)
- [infetion control](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/infetion-control/)
- [healthcare provider education](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/healthcare-provider-education/)
- [comparison group](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/comparison-group/)
- [unexposed control group](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/unexposed-control-group/)
- [sexual maturation](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/sexual-maturation/)
- [immune function](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/immune-function/)
- [neurological functioning](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/neurological-functioning/)
- [neuropsychological functioning](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/neuropsychological-functioning/)
- [commmunications research](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/commmunications-research/)
- [princidpal components factor analysis](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/princidpal-components-factor-analysis/)
- [public service announcement](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/public-service-announcement/)
- [random controlled study](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/random-controlled-study/)
- [telephone survey](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/telephone-survey/)
- [health advertising](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/health-advertising/)
- [formative evaluation](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/formative-evaluation/)
- [efficacy evaluation](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/efficacy-evaluation/)
- [process evaluation](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/process-evaluation/)
- [outcome evaluation](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/outcome-evaluation/)
- [paid advertising](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/paid-advertising/)
- [hard-to-reach population](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/hard-to-reach-population/)
- [urban](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/urban/)
- [dosage level](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/dosage-level/)
- [target group](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/target-group/)
- [no-intervention comparison group](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/no-intervention-comparison-group/)
- [health-related behavior](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/health-related-behavior/)
- [sexually active](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/sexually-active/)
- [message placement](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/message-placement/)
- [AIDS prevention message](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/aids-prevention-message/)
- [broadcast media](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/broadcast-media/)
- [print media](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/print-media/)
- [paid placement](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/paid-placement/)
- [risk assessment](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/risk-assessment/)
- [breast-feeding](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/breast-feeding/)
- [urbanization](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/urbanization/)
- [legislation](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/legislation/)
- [political](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/political/)
- [initiative](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/initiative/)
- [workforce](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/workforce/)
- [enployment](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/enployment/)
- [social change](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/social-change/)
- [CDC](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/cdc/)
- [America Responds to AIDS](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/america-responds-to-aids/)
- [social marketing campaign](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/social-marketing-campaign/)
- [counseling and testing](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/counseling-and-testing/)
- [community-based organization](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/community-based-organization/)
- [behavior change](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/behavior-change/)
- [social change campaign](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/social-change-campaign/)
- [pediatric AIDS](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/pediatric-aids/)
- [economics](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/economics/)
- [public policy](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/public-policy/)
- [neonatal transmission](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/neonatal-transmission/)
- [foster care](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/foster-care/)
- [STDs](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/stds/)
- [health care](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/health-care/)
- [social services](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/social-services/)
- [public assistance program](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/public-assistance-program/)
- [child abuse prevention](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/child-abuse-prevention/)
- [perinatal HIV infection](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/perinatal-hiv-infection/)
- [acute HIV](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/acute-hiv/)
- [factor](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/factor/)
- [concentrate](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/concentrate/)
- [blood products](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/blood-products/)
- [blood born infection](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/blood-born-infection/)
- [HIV seropositive](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/hiv-seropositive/)
- [postneonatal](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/postneonatal/)
- [metropolitan](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/metropolitan/)
- [nonmetropolitan](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/nonmetropolitan/)
- [condom](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/condom/)
- [hiv conversion](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/hiv-conversion/)
- [infection route](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/infection-route/)
- [homosexual](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/homosexual/)
- [bisexual](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/bisexual/)
- [heterosexual](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/heterosexual/)
- [seroconversion pattern](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/seroconversion-pattern/)
- [heat inactivation](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/heat-inactivation/)
- [height-for-age](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/height-for-age/)
- [weight-for-age](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/weight-for-age/)
- [weight-for-height](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/weight-for-height/)
- [asymptomatic](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/asymptomatic/)
- [symptomatic](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/symptomatic/)
- [factor concentrates](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/factor-concentrates/)
- [growth retardation](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/growth-retardation/)
- [growth delay](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/growth-delay/)
- [case fatality ratio](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/case-fatality-ratio/)
- [demographic](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/demographic/)
- [healthcare](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/healthcare/)
- [clinical care](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/clinical-care/)
- [healthcare quality](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/healthcare-quality/)
- [surveillance trends](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/surveillance-trends/)
- [case definition artifact](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/case-definition-artifact/)
- [immunosuppression](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/immunosuppression/)
- [immune immaturity](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/immune-immaturity/)
- [caffeine](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/caffeine/)
- [theophylline](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/theophylline/)
- [furosemide](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/furosemide/)
- [perinatal transmission](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/perinatal-transmission/)
- [epidemiologic study](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/epidemiologic-study/)
- [intervention](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/intervention/)
- [pathogenesis](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/pathogenesis/)
- [questionnaire](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/questionnaire/)
- [at-risk](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/at-risk/)
- [modes of transmission](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/modes-of-transmission/)
- [risk group](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/risk-group/)
- [knowledge](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/knowledge/)
- [behavior](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/behavior/)
- [at-risk behavior](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/at-risk-behavior/)
- [rural](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/rural/)
- [health statistics](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/health-statistics/)
- [National Center for Health Statistics](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/national-center-for-health-statistics/)
- [low birth weight](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/low-birth-weight/)
- [intravenous drug-users](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/intravenous-drug-users/)
- [IVU](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/ivu/)
- [incidence rate](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/incidence-rate/)
- [survival](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/survival/)
- [survival time](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/survival-time/)
- [yearly incidence](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/yearly-incidence/)
- [epidemic](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/epidemic/)
- [viral infection](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/viral-infection/)
- [p19](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/p19/)
- [endemic](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/endemic/)
- [non-endemic](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/non-endemic/)
- [core antigen](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/core-antigen/)
- [ethnicity](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/ethnicity/)
- [prevalence](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/prevalence/)
- [clinical outcome](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/clinical-outcome/)
- [respiratory tract](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/respiratory-tract/)
- [antibiotic use](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/antibiotic-use/)
- [aminoglycosides](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/aminoglycosides/)
- [antibody](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/antibody/)
- [hemophilia therapy](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/hemophilia-therapy/)
- [home infusion](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/home-infusion/)
- [industrialized countries](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/industrialized-countries/)
- [blood donor](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/blood-donor/)
- [high-risk donor](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/high-risk-donor/)
- [opportunistic infection](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/opportunistic-infection/)
- [pediatricians](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/pediatricians/)
- [screening](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/screening/)
- [health commununications](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/health-commununications/)
- [demography](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/demography/)
- [demographics](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/demographics/)
- [regulatory T-cell](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/regulatory-t-cell/)
- [transient antibody deficiency](https://www.jasonandjarvis.com/tag/transient-antibody-deficiency/)